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New Data on Coal, Gypsum, Iron and Silica Sand Deposits and Geochemical Exploration (Pakistan): Revision of 25 Years History of Dinosaur Discoveries from Pakistan

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Open Journal of Geology 2024年第3期14卷 431-511页

作者： Muhammad Sadiq Malkani Geological Survey of Pakistan Muzaffarabad Pakistan

Discoveries of many coal seams at depths by drilling carried by Geological Survey of Pakistan in Sor Range and Harnai Gochina, extended the coal seams at depth which is challenge for mine owners to exploit feasibly. Bed to bed gypsum samplings (and their chemical analyses) of huge gypsum deposits from Sulaiman foldbelt is a base for industrialist and also planers to develop cement and gypsum industries to increase export and foreign exchange for the development of area and Pakistan. Low and high grade sedimentary iron deposits, silica sand and uranium host rocks and their extensions in Sulaiman and Kirthar foldbelts are presented. Anomalies of a few base metals arise as a result of geochemical exploration carried at part of Loralai District of Balochistan. Theropod dinosaurs were frequent in India, while Poripuchian titanosaurs (Sauropoda, Dinosauria) were frequent in Pakistan. Besides some ichnotaxa, many bone taxa such as 1 titanosauriform, 14 titanosaurian sauropod (including one new titanosaur), and 3 theropod dinosaurs are established from Pakistan. Among these 12 titanosaur species and 3 theropod species are named in about 10 km2 area of Vitakri dome and 2 titanosaur species are named in about a few hundred square meter area of Mari Bohri (Kachi Bohri) which is about 10 km westward from Vitakri dome. Pakistan is a unique country which discoverd 14 diversified titanosaurs in a short area and also in a short period (67 - 66 million years ago/Ma). About 400 bones found from a few meter thick upper part of upper shale horizon of latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation which is base for titanosaur taxa. Cranial material is in low fraction (but include significant diverse snouts), caudal vertebrae are prominent, the cervicals, dorsals and sacrals have significant numbers, forelimb and hind limb bones have balanced fraction. Humeri, femora and tibiae are most common. To know the position of Pakistani titanosaurs among titanosaurs and sauropods, there is a need to extend list of characters for phylogeneti

关键词： Coal Gypsum Ironstone Silica sands Geochemical Exploration dinosaurs Titanosauriformes Titanosaurs Theropods Revision Balochistan Pakistan

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Plates Boundary and Structural Geology of Balochistan and Indus Basins through Field Observations on Chaman Transform Fault and Western Indus Suture (Pakistan): dinosaurs from Pakistan with Attributed Bones and Key Features: Titanosaurs from India with Updated Assessment on Jainosaurus

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Open Journal of Geology 2022年第11期12卷 1032-1079页

作者： Muhammad Sadiq Malkani Geological Survey of Pakistan Muzaffarabad Pakistan

The plate boundary between Balochistan and Indus basins is found on the position where Western Indus Suture and Chaman Transform fault converge in the south (Uthal-Bela-Ornach-Nal-Basima). From Basima to northward the both structures bifurcate and separate more than 50 km in the Zhob region, the Chaman Transform fault lies in the west as straight way in flysh and slates of Balochistan basin, and Western Indus suture lies in the east mostly straight and wide (more than 20 km wide) galaxy way like belt (gentle wavy in the central portion from Quetta to Zhob). Plate boundary between Balochistan basin and Indus basin lies in the Western Indus suture. The both structures are about 1000 - 1500 km trends northward. The northward bending of strikes in the southern Balochistan basin (from Arabian sea to Kharan) on the western flank of Chaman transform fault and dragging of Kharan limestones revealed left lateral strike slip fault. The structures of Balochistan basin are mostly imbricated while the structure of Indus basin is mostly folded. Different basins in Pakistan yielded dinosaurs and diverse Mesozoic vertebrates like poripuchian titanosaurian sauropods, vitakrisaurid abelisaurian theropods, induszalimids, sulaimanisuchid and mithsaraikistanid mesoeucrocodiles, saraikisaurid pterosaurs, wasaibpanchid bird, madtsoiid snake, zahrisaurid plesiosaur and some fishes. From Pakistan 10 titanosaurs were named while from India 5 titanosaurs were named and discussed here. The updated assessment for the attribution of bones to Jainosaurus septentrionalis resulted the braincase its type or in other case braincase and scapula referable to Isisaurus colberti matching its long articular surface for coracoid of distal scapula. Key bones which were previously referred to Jainosaurus septentrionalis belong to mostly Gspsaurus pakistani and Balochisaurus malkani (stocky titanosaurs) and a few bones to Isisaurus colberti and Pakisaurus balochistani (slender titanosaurs).

关键词： Plates Boundary Chaman Transform Fault Western Indus Suture Structural Geology Balochistan Basin Tethys Link Indus Basin Gondwanan Link dinosaurs Titanosaurs Comparison Maastrichtian Pakistan India Jainosaurus

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dinosaurs,birds and pterosaurs of Korea and geological heritage protection

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Global Geology 2019年第4期22卷 289-292页

作者： Min Huh Korea Dinosaur Research Center Faculty of Earth Systems and Environmental SciencesChonnam National University

Republic of Korea(South Korea)is one of the richest and most exciting regions on earth for the study of vertebrate ichnology.Very unique vertebrate fossils include dinosaurs,bird tracks,pterosaurs were discovered from more important sites.New finds of dinosaur skeletal remains have increased the number and diversity of known Korean dinosaur taxa.Other fossils including dinosaur tooth and skin impressions,pterosaur bonesand tooth,turtle bones and eggs,crocodile skull and tooth,lizard bone,wood fossils,and trace fossils.Many sites reveal the highest density of bird and dinosaur track levels anywhere in the world.In South Korea there is a comprehensive system of national and provincial parks as well as nearly 500 sites identified under national legislation as‘naturalmonuments',in which the Cretaceous sites are the most abundant,and the Mudeungsan National Geopark newly established was certificated as the UNESCO Global Geopark.

关键词： dinosaurs bird tracks pterosaurs fossil protection geopark South Korea

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dinosaurs Were More Like Bird Than Crocodiles

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数理天地（高中版） 2019年第3期 48-49页

作者：周越不详

Warm or gigantically cold?Most modern depictions of dinosaurs(such as those seen in theJurassic Park franchise)are huge scaly animals,often ferociouspredators or benign plant eaters.During the 20th century theview of ... 详细信息

关键词： dinosaurs Bird

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Repeated occurrence of palaeo-wildfires during deposition of the Bahariya Formation(early Cenomanian) of Egypt

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2019年第4期8卷 332-345页

作者： Haytham El Atfy Tarek Anan Andre Jasper Dieter Uhl Department of Geology Faculty of ScienceMansoura UniversityMansoura 35516Egypt Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ambiente e Desenvolvimento PPGADUniversidade do Vale do Taquari UnivatesLajeadoRio Grande do SulBrazil Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum 60325 Frankfurt am MainGermany Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment Tubingen University72076 TubingenGermany

The Upper Cretaceous(early Cenomanian)Bahariya Formation of Egypt has an outstanding reputation for its wealth of vertebrate remains,including a variety of iconic dinosaurs,like the carnivorous Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus,as well as the herbivorous Aegyptosaurus and Paralititan.Besides these dinosaur fossils,the Bahariya Formation yielded also a wealth of invertebrate and plant remains,but even today many aspects concerning the continental palaeoenvironments reflected in these deposits(including the occurrence of palaeo-wildfires)have not been studied in detail.So far six distinct macro-charcoal bearing levels could be identified within the type section of the Bahariya Formation at Gabal El Dist profile,one of the most prolific outcrops of this formation in terms of fossil occurrence located in the north of the Bahariya Oasis,Western Desert,Egypt.Most of the charcoal investigated by means of SEM originates from ferns,pointing to a considerable proportion of this plant group within the palaeo-ecosystems that experienced fires.Gymnosperms and(putative)angiosperms have less frequently been identified.The collected data present evidence that the landscapes at the northern shores of Gondwana repeatedly experienced palaeo-wildfires,adding extra proof to previous statements that the Late Cretaceous was a fiery world on a global scale.

关键词： Bahariya Oasis Gabal El Dist Charcoal Wildfire dinosaurs Upper Cretaceous Early Cenomanian Egypt

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A Review of the Tetrapod Track Record in China,with Special Reference to Type Ichnospecies:Implications for Ichnotaxonomy and Paleobiology

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第1期87卷 1-20页

作者： Martin G.LOCKLEY LI Jianjun LI Rihui Masaki MATSUKAWA Jerald D.HARRIS XING Lida University of Colorado Denver Dinosaur Tracks Research Group Beijing Museum of Natural History Museum Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology China Geological Survey Department of Environmental Sciences Tokyo Gakugei University Department of Physical Sciences Dixie State College Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta11455 Saskatchewan Drive

＂Splitting＂ and ＂lumping＂ are perpetual problems in vertebrate, especially dinosaur, ichnotaxonomy. Chinese dinosaur ichnotaxonomy, which began in 1940, provides a series of interesting case studies, highlighting the dual problems of historical and dubious ichnotaxonomy. Chinese Mesozoic tetrapod track types have been placed into 63 ichnospecies （one Triassic, 28 Jurassic, and 34 Cretaceous）, exclusive of other, non-type ichnospecies or ichnotaxa identified from China. Fifty-two （~83%） of these 63 tetrapod ichnospecies were placed in monospecific ichnogenera. At the ichnogenus level, we prune---either by recognizing nomina dubia or by synonymy--17 from the list of 53 dinosaurian ichnogenera （a 32% reduction）, leaving 36 ichnotaxa that we consider valid. Most of the cuts affect Jurassic theropod ichnotaxa, which are reduced from 23 to only nine because most ichnogenera are subjective junior synonyms of Grallator and Eubrontes. Fewer Chinese Cretaceous ichnotaxa （only six of 21 ichnogenera） are obvious nomina dubia or subjective synonyms, suggesting greater east Asian endemism during this time. Because ichnospecies differences are subtle, we provisionally retain ichnospecies as valid pending detailed comparative analyses of congeneric ichnospecies. This synthesis is long overdue and is necessary to address problems of historical and provincial ichnotaxonomy, which severely hamper comparisons of tetrapod ichnofaunas in space and time.

关键词： dinosaurs birds theropods ichnotaxonomy Mesozoic China

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Dragon Tails:Convergent Caudal Morphology in Winged Archosaurs

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2012年第6期86卷 1402-1412页

作者： W.Scott PERSONS IV Philip J.CURRIE Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences CW 405 Biological Sciences Bldg.University of Alberta

In the tails of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs and rhamphorhynchid pterosaurs, elongate osteological rods extend anteriorly from the chevrons and the prezygapophyses. These caudal rods are positioned in parallel and are stacked dorsoventrally. The fully articulated and three-dimensionally preserved caudal series of some dromaeosaurid specimens show that individually these caudal rods were flexible, not rigid as previously thought. However, examination of the arrangement of the caudal rods in cross-section indicates that the combined effect of multiple caudal rods did provide substantial rigidity in the dorsoventral, but not in the lateral, plane. The results of digital muscle reconstructions confirm that dromaeosaurids and rhamphorhynchids also shared greatly reduced caudofemoral muscles in the anterior tail region. The striking similarities between the tails of dromaeosaurids and rhamphorhynchids suggest that both evolved under similar behavioral and biomechanical pressures. Combined with recent discoveries of primitive deinonychosaurs that phylogenetically bracket the evolution of dromaeosaurid caudal rods between two arboreal gliding/flying forms, these results are evidence that the unique caudal morphologies of dromaeosaurids and rhamphorhynchids were both adaptations for an aerial lifestyle.

关键词： caudal musculature convergent evolution dinosaurs dromaeosaurids functionalmorphology pterosaurs rhamphorhynchids

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网络融于英语教学的完美结合——深港版《小学英语》Book 9 Unit 5《dinosaurs》说课稿

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教育科研论坛 2010年第8期 36-37页

作者：蔡晓珊深圳市光明新区光明街道爱华小学

小学英语教学中如果能够合理运用"网络教学",将网络和英语教学整合在一起,鼓励并引导学生主动参与整个教学过程,让学生在课堂教学中动起来,在实践活动中主动探索,从而使他们乐学、和谐、主动地发展,将收到事半功倍的教学效果。基于以上... 详细信息

小学英语教学中如果能够合理运用"网络教学",将网络和英语教学整合在一起,鼓励并引导学生主动参与整个教学过程,让学生在课堂教学中动起来,在实践活动中主动探索,从而使他们乐学、和谐、主动地发展,将收到事半功倍的教学效果。基于以上理念,下面我结合本课内容说教材。

关键词：小学英语短语 Book 9 Unit 5 词组恐龙世界 dinosaurs 英语教学深港

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dinosaurs’ True Colors

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Beijing Review 2010年第14期53卷 42-42页

作者： TANG YUANKAI

Scientists decode the full-body color patterns of a small-sized dinosaur on March 10, the Beijing Museum of Natural History (BMNH)

关键词： True Colors dinosaurs

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New palaeoclimatic insights on the Late Cretaceous environments of Mongolia based on the isotope data (δ^13C,δ^18O) of dinosaur eggshells and pedogenic carbonates from Bayn Dzak section

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Global Geology 2020年第4期23卷 199-213页

作者： S.V.Naugolnykh V.N.Kuleshov geological institute of russian academy of sciences Moscow 101135Russia

Isotopic data obtained from the dinosaur eggshells and pedogenic nodules(pedonodules)are interpreted in terms of palaeoclimatology.The material studied originated from the Bayn Dzak locality,Southern Gobi Aimak,Mongolia,having Late Cretaceous(Campanian)age.Stratigraphically the Bayn Dzak locality belongs to the Djadokhta Formation.All the present data(lithology,type of paleosols,FPS-profiles,geochemistry),and the isotopic characteristics of the selected samples show unequivocally that the environments of the Bayn Dzak area in Late Cretaceous(Campanian)time were warm to summer-hot,seasonally dry.Wet seasons(most probably,which took place in the winter time)were not longer than two months with not more than 400 mm precipitation per year.The distribution of isotope data in the dinosaur eggshells show the main relation,which is the dependence ofδ^13C andδ^18O values,i.***.specimens with heavy carbon isotope ratios are characterized by lighter oxygen isotope composition and conversely.Thus,theδ^13C andδ^18O values of the dinosaur eggshells display a clear positive correlation.It may be consequent both with the difference of the isotope composition of diet of the egg-lying animals modified by physicochemical isotope fractionation due to metabolism and changes in the isotope environment,and/or diagenetic alteration of the eggshell carbonate.Obtained isotopic data on the studied dinosaur eggshell fragments and the soil carbonates lend support to our assumption that diagenesis did not play significant role in changing the isotopic values.The distribution ofδ^13C andδ^18O values in eggshells and in pedogenic carbonates shows the visible opposite dependencies.

关键词： Cretaceous Mongolia palaeoclimate δ^13C δ^18O dinosaurs eggshells pedonodules paleosoils FPS-profiles

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