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Exploring the impact of high density planting system and deficit irrigation in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.):a comprehensive review

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Journal of Cotton Research 2024年第3期7卷 302-317页

作者： MANIBHARATHI Sekar SOMASUNDARAM Selvaraj PARASURAMAN Panneerselvam SUBRAMANIAN Alagesan RAVICHANDRAN Veerasamy MANIKANDA BOOPATHI Narayanan Department of Agronomy Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatoreTamil Nadu 641003India Cotton Research Station Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityPerambalurTamil Nadu621116India Department of Cotton Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatoreTamil Nadu 641003India Department of Crop Physiology Tamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatoreTamil Nadu 641003India Department of Plant Biotechnology Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyTamil Nadu Agricultural UniversityCoimbatoreTamil Nadu 641003India

Lessons learned from past experiences push for an alternate way of crop *** India,adopting high density planting system(HDPS)to boost cotton yield is becoming a growing *** has recently been considered a replacement for the current Indian production *** is also suitable for mechanical harvesting,which reducing labour costs,increasing input use efficiency,timely harvesting timely,maintaining cotton quality,and offering the potential to increase productivity and *** technology has become widespread in globally cotton growing *** management is critical for the success of high density cotton *** to the problem of freshwater availability,more crops should be produced per drop of *** the high-density planting system,optimum water application is essential to control excessive vegetative growth and improve the translocation of photoassimilates to reproductive *** irrigation is a tool to save water without compromising *** the same time,it consumes less water than the normal evapotranspiration of *** review comprehensively documents the importance of growing cotton under a high-density planting system with deficit *** on the current research and combined with cotton production reality,this review discusses the application and future development of deficit irrigation,which may provide theoretical guidance for the sustainable advancement of cotton planting systems.

关键词： deficit irrigation High density planting system Ultra narrow row Cost saving Mechanical harvesting Yield optimization

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deficit irrigation as a Strategy to Save Water:Physiology and Potential Application to Horticulture

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2007年第10期49卷 1421-1434页

作者： J.Miguel Costa Maria F.Ortuo M.Manuela Chaves InstitutoSuperior de Agronomia Universidade Técnica de LisboaTapada da Ajuda1349-017 LisboaPortugal Laboratório de Ecofisiologia MolecularInstituto de Tecnologia Química e BiológicaApartado 1272780-901 OeirasPortugal Instituto

Water is an increasingly scarce resource worldwide and irrigated agriculture remains one of the largest and most inefficient users of this resource. Low water use efficiency （WUE） together with an increased competition for water resources with other sectors （e.g. tourism or industry） are forcing growers to adopt new irrigation and cultivation practices that use water more judiciously. In areas with dry and hot climates, drip irrigation and protected cultivation have improved WUE mainly by reducing runoff and evapotranspiration losses. However, complementary approaches are still needed to increase WUE in irrigated agriculture. deficit irrigation strategies like regulated deficit irrigation or partial root drying have emerged as potential ways to increase water savings in agriculture by allowing crops to withstand mild water stress with no or only marginal decreases of yield and quality. Grapevine and several fruit tree crops seem to be well adapted to deficit irrigation, but other crops like vegetables tend not to cope so well due to losses in yield and quality. This paper aims at providing an overview of the physiological basis of deficit irrigation strategies and their potential for horticulture by describing the major consequences of their use to vegetative growth, yield and quality of different crops （fruits, vegetables and ornamentals）.

关键词： deficit irrigation horticulture partial rootzone drying regulated deficit irrigation water saving.

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Peach yield and fruit quality is maintained under mild deficit irrigation in semi-arid China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第5期16卷 1173-1183页

作者： ZHOU Han-mi ZHANG Fu-cang Roger Kjelgren WU Li-feng GONG Dao-zhi ZHAO Na YIN Dong-xue XIANG You-zhen LI Zhi-jun College of Agricultural Engineering Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyeng 471003P.R.China Key Laboratory for Agricultural Soft and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100P.R.China Department of Plant Soils and Climate Utah State UniversityLogan 84322USA Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081P.R.China

We conducted a two-year study of deficit irrigation impact on peach yield and quality in semi-arid northwest China. Over two years, four-year-old peach trees were irrigated at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of peach evapotranspiration （ETc）, here, ETc= Coefficient （Kc）×Local reference evapotranspiration （ET0）. During the April-July fruit production season we measured root zone soil water depletion, sap flow velocity, net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, transpiration rate （Tr）, stomatal conductance （Gs）, water use efficiency （WUE=Pn/Tr）, fruit quality, and yield under a mobile rain-out shelter. Increased soil water depletion reasonably mirrored decreasing irrigation rates both years, causing progressively greater water stress. Progressive water stress lowered Gs, which in turn translated into lower T as measured by sap flow. However, mild deficit irrigation （75% ETc） constricted T more than Pn. Pn was not different between 100 and 75% ETc treatments in both years, and it decreased only 5-8% in June with higher temperature than that in May with cooler temperature. Concurrently under 75% ETc treatment, was reduced, and WUE was up to 13% higher than that under 100% ETc treatment. While total fruit yield was not different under the two treatments, because 75% ETc treatment had fewer but larger fruit than 100% ETc trees, suggesting mild water stress thinned fruit load. By contrast, sharply decreased T and Pn of the driest treatments （50 and 25% ETo） increased WUE, but less carbon uptake impacted total fruit yield, resulting 13 and 33% lower yield compared to that of 100% ETc treatment. irrigation rates affected fruit quality, particularly between the 100 and 75% ETc trees. Fewer but larger fruit in the mildly water stressed trees （75% ETc） resulted in more soluble solids and vitamin C, firmer fruit, and improved sugar：acid ratio and fruit color compared to the 100% ETo treatment. Overall, trees deficit irrigated at 75% ETc maintained yield while improving fruit quality and using less wate

关键词： peach deficit irrigation fruit quality yield sap flow velocity net photosynthetic rate (Pn)

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Improvement in winter wheat productivity through regulating PSⅡ photochemistry,photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence under deficit irrigation conditions

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2022年第3期21卷 654-665页

作者： Shahzad ALI XU Yue-yue MA Xiang-cheng JIA Qian-min JIA Zhi-kuan College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000P.R.China Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas Yangling 712100P.R.China

deficit irrigation is critical to global food production,particularly in arid and semi-arid regions with low *** water shortage has threatened agricultural sustainability under the dry-land farming system in China,there is an urgent need to develop effective water-saving *** carried out a field study under two cultivation techniques:(1) the ridge and furrow cultivation model(R);and(2) the conventional flat farming model(F),and three simulated precipitation levels(1,275 mm;2,200 mm;3,125 mm) with two deficit irrigation levels(150 and 75 mm).We demonstrated that under the ridge furrow(R) model,rainfall harvesting planting under 150 mm deficit irrigation combined with 200 mm simulated precipitation can considerably increase net photosynthesis rate(P_(n)),quantum yield of PSII(ΦPSⅡ),electron transport rate(ETR),performance index of photosynthetic PSII(F_(v)/F_(m)′),and transformation energy potential of PSII(F_(v)/F_(o)).In addition,during the jointing,anthesis and grain-filling stages,the grain and biomass yield in the R model are 18.9 and 11.1% higher than those in the flat cultivation model,respectively,primarily due to improved soil water *** winter wheat fluorescence parameters were significantly positively associated with the photosynthesis,biomass and wheat *** result suggests that the R cultivation model with irrigation of 150 mm and simulated precipitation of 200 mm is an effective planting method for enhancing P_(n),biomass,wheat production,and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dry-land farming areas.

关键词： chlorophyll fluorescence deficit irrigation photosynthesis production planting models soil moisture content

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Effect of deficit irrigation at Different Growth Stages on Wheat Growth and Yield

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Journal of Life Sciences 2011年第1期5卷 35-38页

作者： Seyed Abdolreza Kazemeini Mohsen Edalat Crop Production and Plant Breeding Dept. College of Agriculture Shiraz University Shiraz Iran

In order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation at various growth stages on wheat growth and yield, a field experiment was conducted in the 2008-2009 growing season based on the completely randomized block with four replications at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, located at Badjgah. Treatments involved 13 irrigation regimes which applied in stem elongation, heading and grain filling growth stages. The highest seed yield （4,333 kg-ha-1） and the lowest ones （1,377 kg＇hal） were obtained from T1 （100% field capacity （FC） in all growth stages） and T13 （50% FC in all growth stages）, respectively. With limitation in water amount seed yield was diminished, but this trend was not significant at T4 （100%, 100% and 50% FC） and TI 1 （100%, 100% and 75~/0 FC）. Stepwise regression results revealed that, seed number per spike had the largest contribution （partial R2 = 0.72） in seed yield variation. Also at TI, T4, and TI 1 treatments （well water treatments） as well as TI3 （sever stress） head number m2 contribute most in seed yield determination （partial R2 = 0.96）. It can be concluded that water shortage during the grain filling period and its allocation to the other consecutive crop, can increase crop production in southern regions of Iran.

关键词： deficit irrigation yield components wheat stepwise regression.

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Effect of deficit irrigation Practice on Nitrogen Mineralization and Nitrate Nitrogen Leaching under Semi-Arid Conditions

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2022年第5期14卷 385-394页

作者： Sarvet Jehan Muhammad Iqbal Tayyaba Samreen Mehwish Liaquat Sehrish Kanwal Munaza Naseem Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Rawalpindi Pakistan Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan Department of Horticulture Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop and Food Sciences Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan

Agricultural sector acts as a major consumer of water which accounts for 70 percent of global freshwater use. Water scarcity acts as an imminent threat to agriculture, there is a need to use those irrigation and management practices that could overcome this overwhelming situation of water scarcity. Lab incubation study was designed to evaluate the effect of different moisture levels (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% FC) on nitrogen mineralization rate. Net nitrogen mineralization was shown at 60% and 80% FC levels. Two optimized irrigation levels (I0.6 and I0.8) along with four levels of dairy manure (10, 15, 20, and 25 Mg ha-1) were used in a lysimetric trial. Nitrate-nitrogen was measured at four depths (D1: 30 cm, D2: 60 cm, D3: 90 cm, and D4: 120 cm). Results showed strong interaction of irrigation and dairy manure at all depths. Mean maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration was shown under full irrigation at 120 cm soil depth with the application of DM ®25 Mg ha-1. Under two levels of deficit irrigation, I0.8 has shown maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration at 90 cm soil depth with the application of DM25, however, deficit irrigation level I0.6 restricted nitrate-nitrogen movement up to 60 cm soil depth, and high concentration was found at 30 cm soil depth. We concluded that deficit irrigation practice along with dairy manure resulted in more nitrate-nitrogen in the upper 60 cm layer of soil where it can be more available for the crops.

关键词： Dairy Manure deficit irrigation Nitrogen Mineralization Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching

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Effect of Sustained deficit irrigation on Stem Water Potential of Navel Oranges in Jordan Valley

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2011年第8期1卷 1152-1160页

作者： N. M. Bani Hani M. R. Shatanawi Water and irrigation Program National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension P.O. Box 939 Baqa 19381 Jordan Faculty of Agriculture University of Jordan P.O. Box 13042 Amman Jordan

Research was conducted to find the relationship between deficit irrigation treatments （DIT） and stems water potential. The study was conducted on 14 years old navel orange trees grafted on sour oranges for the growing season 2006/2007 at a private farm in the Northern part of Jordan Valley （latitude： 32° 50′ N, longitude： 32° 50′ E, altitude： -254 m）. Three levels of irrigation treatments （IT） were applied; namely 100%, 75% and 50% of reference evapotranspiration, representing over irrigation （OIT）, full irrigation （FIT）, and deficit irrigation （DIT）, respectively. A drip irrigation using one irrigation source line with drippers spaced 0.5 m having average discharge of 2.3 L/hr at pressure 1.5 bar, was used. Stem water potential （SWP） at 100% over irrigation treatment （OIT） of navel orange trees had less negative value during the irrigation seasons （-1.57 MPa）, whereas the highest negative value （-2.17 MPa） occurred at 50% deficit irrigation treatment （DIT）.

关键词： Navel orange deficit irrigation actual evapotranspiration crop coefficient stems water potential.

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Yield Response to deficit irrigation and Partial Root-Zone Drying in Processing Tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill,）

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第2期2卷 209-219页

作者： Eugenio Nardella Marcella Michela Giuliani Giuseppe Gatta Antonio De Caro Department of Agro-environmental Sciences Chemistry and Crop Protection （DiSACD） University of Foggia Foggia 71122 Italy

Due to the global expansion of irrigated areas and the limited availability of irrigation water, it is necessary to optimize water use in order to maximize crop yields under water deficit conditions. To evaluate the yield response of two processing tomato hybrids （Ercole and Genius） grown under different irrigation treatments, a field trial was conducted during the 2008 growing season in Southern Italy. Three irrigation treatments were used： the restitution of 70% of maximum evapotranspiration （ETc） both under ＂deficit irrigation＂（70DI） and ＂Partial Root-zone Drying＂（70PRD） strategies; full irrigated （FI： 100% ETc）. The two water deficit irrigation treatments （DI and PRD） showed stomatal conductance values lower than FI treatment and saved a substantial amount of water maintaining reasonable marketable yield. Moreover, PRD strategy showed slightly higher ＂Water Use Efficiency＂（WUE） values than DI. Finally, ＂yield response factor＂（Ky） showed always values less than unity, indicating the possibility to adopt, within certain limited condition, both DI and PRD in field-grown processing tomato cultivated in Southern Italy. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, deficit irrigation practices seem to be acceptable relatively to processing tomato yield aspects and Ky could be promoted as a useful indicator for irrigation in water deficit conditions.

关键词： Tomato deficit irrigation partial root-zone drying WUE Ky.

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BASIC RESEARCH AND PRACTICE OF deficit irrigation IN CHINA

BASIC RESEARCH AND PRACTICE OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION IN CHINA

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第19届国际灌排大会

作者： Chen Yaxin Wei Zhanmin Shi Haibin Xu Bing Qu Zhongyi Chen Yaxin Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Professor Research field: irrigation Theory and water saving management. The research project is financed by NSF (No.50179013) Department of Water Resources Research for Pastoral Area IWHR Huhehaote China

＜正＞The fresh water resources of our world are becoming scarce. One of the challenges which the agricultural professionals face is the adoption of deficit irrigation, an irrigation mode to obtain optimum overall benefit of high yield and quality with as less water input as possible. Since, the middle of 20th century, China has seen development of deficit irrigation. This paper summarizes the research on deficit irrigation with respect of application of life science and mathematics in China . The high WUE of species often occurs at moderate water supply and both the soil water retention curve and the relations of soil water with stoma, and net photosynthesis have a "platform effect", that provide a foundation for gaining medium crop yield at low irrigation quota realizing water savings and yield increase. Through introduction and test of models of crop response to water from other countries, to the reality of China, Chinese scholars have put forward models of crop response to water considering lag effect of water stress, models of crop response to salt water, water deficit crop yield model based on remote sensing, crop photosynthesis and model of crop response to water based on artificial intelligent crop model, which have promoted the research and practice of deficit irrigation.

关键词： deficit irrigation basic research China.

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Soil Temperature and Maize Nitrogen Uptake Improvement Under Partial Root-Zone Drying irrigation

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Pedosphere 2016年第6期26卷 872-886页

作者： Fatemeh KARANDISH Ali SHAHNAZARI Assistant Professor Water Engineering DepartmentUniversity of ZabolZabol 35856-98613(Iran) Water Engineering Department Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources UniversitySari 378(Iran)

Soil temperature is a major effective factor on the soil and plant biological *** can affect soil temperature and thereby induces a temperature effect on plant growth,which may result in an economic increase due to higher yield and plant nutrition.A ?eld experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of three irrigation strategies including full irrigation(FI),partial root-zone drying(PRD) and de?cit irrigation(DI) on soil temperature and the consequent results on the grain yield and N uptake of maize(Zea May L.).Soil temperature was measured by time domain re?ectometry(TDR) sensors during the 2010 growing *** treatments were applied from 55 to 107 d after *** PRD treatment caused soil temperature to be in a favorable domain for a longer period(for over 60% of the measuring dates) as a consequent result of water movement to deeper soil layers compared with the other treatments;the PRD treatment also reduced soil temperature at deeper soil depths to below the maximum favorable soil temperature for maize root growth,which resulted in deeper root penetration due to both water availability and favorable soil *** to the FI treatment,the PRD treatment increased root water uptake by 50% and caused no signi?cant reduction in total N uptake,while this was not observed in the DI treatment partially due to the negative temperature effect of DI on plant growth,which consequently affected the water and nutrient uptake.A longer vegetation period in the PRD treatment was observed due to higher leaf N concentrations and no signi?cant reduction in maize grain yield occurred in the PRD treatment,compared with those in the FI *** on the results,having 15.2% water saving during the whole growing season,the PRD irrigation would positively affect soil temperature and the water and nutrient uptake as a consequent,which thereby would prevent signi?cant reduction in maize grain yield.

关键词： full irrigation deficit irrigation grain yield irrigation strategy leaf N concentration root growth water saving water uptake

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