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Electrochemical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Hank's solution subjected to deep cryogenic treatment

Rare Metals 2023年第6期42卷 2037-2046页

作者： Kai-Xuan Gu Kai-Kai Wang Jian-Peng Zheng Liu-Biao Chen Jun-Jie Wang CAS Key Laboratory of cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and ChemistryBeijing100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)on the electrochemical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Hank's solution was experimentally investigated in the present work.deep cryogenic treatments at-196℃soaking for 24(DCT-24) and 48(DCT-48) hours were conducted on the commercial annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The methods of polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) were employed to evaluate the electrochemical behavior and corrosion mechanism.Furthermore,atomic force microscopy(AFM) was used to detect the corrosion surface.The results showed that deep cryogenic treatment shifted the corrosion potentials(E_(corr))to the positive direction.The corrosion current densities(i_(corr))of samples treated by DCT-24 and DCT-48decreased from 153.1 nA·cm^(-2) in the untreated(UT)sample to 86.3 nA·cm^(-2) and 43.3 nA·cm^(-2),respectively.Furthermore,the roughness of corrosion surfaces of samples subjected to DCT was smaller than that of the UT sample,which indeed demonstrated the improvement in corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Hank's solution.The results of EIS test indicated that deep cryogenic treatment had no influence on the corrosion mechanism of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Hank's,while enhanced resistance value of outer porous layer R_p,which makes the surface more efficient to prevent the corrosion.The reduction of β-phase particles,improvement in dislocation density and release of residual stress caused by deep cryogenic treatment had great contribution to the improvement in corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in Hank's solution.

关键词： Ti-6Al-4V alloy deep cryogenic treatment Polarization Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)

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Beneficial effects of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of additively manufactured high entropy alloy:cyclic vs single cryogenic cooling

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第20期115卷 40-51页

作者： Hongge Li Wenjie Zhao Tian Chen Yongjiang Huang Jianfei Sun Ping Zhu Yunzhuo Lu Alfonso H.W.Ngan Daqing Wei Qing Du Yongchun Zou School of Materials Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Materials Science and Engineering Dalian Jiaotong UniversityDalian 116028China Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong KongHong KongChina Center of Analysis Measurement and Computing Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China

Additively manufactured(AM)metallic materials commonly possess substantial tensile surface residual stress,which is detrimental to the load-bearing service behavior.Recently,we demonstrated that deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)is an effective method for improving the tensile properties of CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy(HEA)samples fabricated by laser melting deposition(LMD),by introducing high compressive residual stress and deformation microstructures without destroying the AM shape.However,carrying out the DCT in a single-step mode does not improve the residual stress gradients inherent from the LMD process,which are undesirable as the mechanical properties will not be homogeneous within the sample.In this work,we show that carrying out the DCT in a cyclic mode with repeated cryogenic cooling and reheating can significantly homogenize the residual stress in LMD-fabricated Co Cr Fe Mn Ni HEA,and improve tensile strength and ductility,compared with single-step DCT of the same cryogenic soaking duration.Under cyclic DCT,the thermal stress is re-elevated to a high value at each cryogenic cooling step,leading to the formation of denser and more intersecting reinforcing crystalline defects and hcp phase transformation,compared to single-step DCT of the same total cryogenic soaking duration in which the thermal stress relaxes towards a low value over time.The enhancement of defect formation in the cyclic mode of DCT also leads to more uniform residual stress distribution in the sample after the DCT.The results here provide important insights on optimizing DCT processes for post-fabrication improvement of mechanical properties of AM metallic net shapes.

关键词： Additive manufacturing High entropy alloy deep cryogenic treatment Residual stress Mechanical properties

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Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructural,mechanical and ballistic properties of AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2023年第12期30卷 101-110页

作者： S.Dharani kumar U.Magarajan Saurabh S Kumar Rodríguez-Millan M Centre for Machining and Material Testing KPR Institute of Engineering and TechnologyCoimbatoreIndia Department of Mechanical Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringChennaiIndia Scientific Officer Ballistic Research Centre&Testing RangeNational Forensic Sciences UniversityGandhi NagarIndia Department of Mechanical Engineering University Carlos Ⅲ of MadridLeganesMadridSpain

The study focused on investigating the effect of deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)on the mechanical and ballistic properties of AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy.The microstructure,microhardness,tensile strength,and impact strength of the Base Material(BM)and DCT-treated 7075 samples were analyzed through metallographic analysis and mechanical tests.The microstructure of the DCT-treated 7075 samples revealed fine grains and a distribution of secondary phase particles.The tensile strength,impact strength,and microhardness of DCT-treated samples increased by 7.41%,4%,and 9.68%,respectively,compared to the BM samples.The fractography analysis of the tensile samples showed cleavage facets,microvoids,and dimples in both the samples.The ballistic behavior of the BM and DCT target plates were studied by impacting hard steel core projectiles at a velocity of 750±10 m/s.The target plates failed due to petaling and ductile hole enlargement,and the depth of penetration(DOP)of the DCT target was less than that of the BM target,indicating a higher ballistic resistance.The post-ballistic microstructure examination of the target plates showed the formation of an Adiabatic Shear Band(ASB)without any cracks.It was concluded that the DCT treatment improved the mechanical and ballistic properties of the aluminum alloy due to grain refinement and high dislocation density.

关键词： deep cryogenic treatment AA7075-T6 Mechanical properties Ballistic Adiabatic shear band

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M_(23)C_(6)precipitation and Si segregation promoted by deep cryogenic treatment aggravating pitting corrosion of supermartensitic stainless steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2021年第5期28卷 629-640页

作者： Xiao He Xin-yang Lu Zhi-wei Wu Shao-hong Li Qi-long Yong Jian-xiong Liang Jie Su Lie-xing Zhou Jun Li Kun-yu Zhao Faculty of Material Science and Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650093YunnanChina Institute for Special Steels Central Iron and Steel Research InstituteBeijing 100081China Research Center for Analysis and Measurement Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming 650093YunnanChina

The microstructure evolution and the pitting corrosion resistance of a supermartensitic stainless steel after deep cryogenic treatment process were clarified through X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and electrochemical methods.The results showed that the microstructure of supermartensitic stainless steel mainly consisted of reversed austenite,tempered martensite,and M_(23)C_(6)carbides after tempering.The deep cryogenic treatment promoted the refinement of the martensite laths and the precipitation of the carbides in comparison with the traditional process.TEM analysis indicated that the segregation of Si atoms at the boundary was found at the interface between carbide and martensite.The pitting corrosion potential of the specimens subjected to deep cryogenic treatment decreased with the elevated tempering temperature,and the lowest pitting corrosion potential was found at the tempering temperature of 650℃.The sensitivity of the pitting corrosion potential was attributed to the precipitation of M_(23)C_(6)carbides and Si atoms segregation.Si atoms segregation engendered the formation of Cr-depleted zone near M_(23)C_(6)and impeded the recovery of Cr-depleted zone.

关键词： 15Cr supermartensitic stainless steel deep cryogenic treatment Si segregation Pitting corrosion Microstructure

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Effects of traditional heat treatment and a novel deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon high-alloy martensitic bearing steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2021年第3期28卷 370-382页

作者： Dong-hui Li Wen-chao He Xu Zhang Mao-guo Xiao Shao-hong Li Kun-yu Zhao Mao-sheng Yang School of Materials Science and Engineering Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650093YunnanChina Institute for Special Steels Central Iron and Steel Research InstituteBeijing100081China

The effects of traditional heat treatment(quenching and then tempering)and deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon high-alloy martensitic bearing steel were studied by Rockwell hardness test,X-ray diffractometry,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The results show that the deep cryogenic treatment promotes the transformation of the retained austenite to martensite during cooling,which leads to the hardness of the sample after deep cryogenic treatment higher than that at the quenched state.Also,the carbon content in the martensite matrix after different treatments was calculated and the results indicated that deep cryogenic treatment can promote the segregation of carbon atoms in martensite to dislocations.The segregated carbon atoms act as and grow into nuclei for the formation of fine carbide particles during subsequent tempering.And this resulted in the fact that the hardness of the tempered experimental steel after deep cryogenic treatment is higher than that without deep cryogenic treatment.

关键词： Heat treatment High-alloy martensitic bearing steel deep cryogenic treatment Carbide Retained austenite

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Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of an Ultrafine-Grained WC-12Co Cemented Carbide

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2014年第5期27卷 894-900页

作者： Hejia Zhang Liqing Chen Jing Sun Wenguang Wang Quanzhao Wang State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern University School of Mechanical Engineering Liaoning Shihua University Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment （DCT） on the microstructures and mechanical behavior of ultrafine-grained WC-12Co cemented carbide was investigated by using XRD, SEM, and DSC. The phase transformations of pure Co and binder phase Co in cemented carbide were analyzed in detail to correlate the strengthening mechanism with its x -ε, phase transition. The results show that DCT resulted in a slight increase in hardness and bending strength of ultrafine- grained WC-12Co cemented carbide. For the ultrafine-grained cemented carbide after DCT, there is no significant change in the microstructure and the elemental distribution of the cemented carbides, but the fractured morphology shows a feature of plastic deformation. In the cases of pure Co and the binder phase Co in WC-12Co cemented carbide, they exhibit different features of phase transformation. The improvement of mechanical property of cemented carbide can be attributed to the increased amount of ε-Co in WC-12Co composites after DCT.

关键词： WC-12Co composite Cemented carbide deep cryogenic treatment Mechanical properties Microstructure

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Effects of Austenizing Time on Wear Behavior of D6 Tool Steel After deep cryogenic treatment

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2009年第6期16卷 29-32页

作者： A Akhbarizadeh M A Golozar A Shafeie M Kholghy Department of Materials Engineering Isfahan University of Technology

The effects of the prior austenite grain size in deep cryogenic treatment on the hardness, the structural change and the wear resistance of D6 tool steel were investigated. The wear resistance of the cryogenically treated samples was determined using the pin-on-disk wear machine. The microstructural characteristics and phases present in heat treated samples were determined using SEM and XRD techniques. The results showed that the retained austenite is completely transformed to martensite during the cryogenic treatment. Besides, there is an optimum grain size of which the maximum wear resistance and hardness are obtained.

关键词： deep cryogenic treatment D6 austenizing time wear heat treatment

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Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical and tribological properties of AISI D3 tool steel

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Friction 2015年第3期3卷 234-242页

作者： Nay Win KHUN Erjia LIU Adrian Wei Yee TAN D.SENTHILKUMAR Bensely ALBERT D.MOHAN LAL School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore 639798Singapore Department of Mechanical Engineering P.A.College of Engineering and TechnologyPollachi 642002TNIndia QuEST Global Services-NA Inc.GreenvilleSC 29615USA Department of Mechanical Engineering College of EngineeringGuindyAnna University Chennai 600025India

In this study,the effects of deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)on the mechanical and tribological properties of AISI D3 tool steel were investigated together with a systematic correlation between their hardness and wear resistance.It was found that conventionally heat treated AISI D3 tool steel samples were significantly hardened via an additional DCT,which was attributed to the more retained austenite elimination,more homogenized carbide distribution and more reduction in carbide size in the samples.As a result,the hardened AISI D3 samples exhibited reductions in their friction and wear during rubbing against alumina and 100Cr6 steel balls under different normal loads due to the effectively hindered removal of surface materials.The results clearly showed that the DCT was an effective way to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of the AISI D3 tool steel samples as the tribological performance of the tool steel samples was significantly influenced by their hardness.

关键词： AISI D3 tool steel deep cryogenic treatment hardness friction wear

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Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical behavior of a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy for electrodes of spot welding

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Rare Metals 2005年第4期24卷 392-396页

作者： WANG Xiaofeng SHAN Ping HU Shengsun WU Zhisheng WANG Xibao School of Material Science and Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China

The effects of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical behavior of a Cu-Cr-Zr alloy for electrodes of spot welding were investigated employing Brinell-hardness testing unit, abrasion examination machine, electronic almighty testing machine and X-ray stress analyzer. Tensile fracture surfaces of the alloy were characterized by scanning electronic microscope （SEM） with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. The results showed that, after deep cryogenic treatment, σb and σ0.2 increased 23 MPa and 21 MPa respectively, the wear rate of the alloy exhibited the trend of decrease with the decreasing temperature and increasing time of deep cryogenic treatment, and the surface residual stress of the alloy was partially eliminated by deep cryogenic treatment.

关键词： Cu-Cr-Zr alloy deep cryogenic treatment mechanical properties spot welding electrode

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Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on Formation of Reversed Austenite in Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2015年第5期22卷 451-456页

作者： Shi-qi ZHENG Wen JIANG Xuan BAI Shao-hong LI Kun-yu ZHAO Xin-kun ZHU Department of Materials Science and Engineering Kunming University of Science and Technology

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the formation of reversed austenite （RA） in super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. RA was found to form in steels without （A） and with （B） deep cryogenic treatment. The volume fraction of RA initially increased and then decreased with increasing tempering temperature over 550-- 750 ℃ for the two steels, which were quenched at 1050 ℃. In addition, for both with and without deep cryogenic treatment, the RA content reached a maximum value at 650 ℃ although the RA content in steel B was greater than that in steel A over the entire range of tempering temperatures. Furthermore, the hardness （HRC） of steel B was greater than that of steel A at tempering temperatures of 550--750 ℃. From these results, the basic mechanism for the formation of RA in steels A and B was determined to be Ni diffusion. However, there were more Ni enriched points, a lower degree of enrichment, and a shorter diffusion path in steel B. It needed to be noted that the shapes of the RA consisted of blocks and stripes in both steels. These shapes resulted because the RA redissolved and trans- formed to martensite along the martensitic lath boundaries when the tempering temperature was 650--750 ℃, and a portion of RA in the martensitie lath divided the originally wider martensitic laths into a number of thinner ones. In- terestingly, the RA redissolved more rapidly in steel B and consequently resulted in a stronger refining effect.

关键词： reversed austenite super martensitie stainless steel deep cryogenic treatment diffusion transformation

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