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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2015年第6期33卷 1496-1504页

作者： Aharon OREN Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Alexander Silberman Institute of Life SciencesHebrew University of Jerusalem

The first modem survey of the dead sea was performed by the Geological Survey of Israel in 1959-1960, and the report published remains the baseline study for our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the lake. At the time the dead sea was a meromictic lake with a strong salinity gradient separating the deep waters （〉40 m depth） from the less saline surface waters. A few results of analyses of deeper water samples collected in the 1930s were reported, but overall we have very little information about the structure of the lake＇s water column before the 1959-1960 survey. However, it is little known that data on the physical and the chemical structure of the dead sea water column were obtained already in the middle of the 19~ century, and the information collected then is highly relevant for the reconstruction of the limnological properties of the lake in earlier times. The expedition of Lieutenant William Lynch （U.S. Navy） in 1848 reported the presence of a temperature minimum at a depth of-18 m, and also retrieved a water sample collected close to the bottom for chemical analysis. In 1864, the French dead sea exploration by the Duc de Luynes and his crew yielded detailed density and salinity profiles for a number of sampling stations. The results of these pioneering studies are discussed here, as well as the sampling equipment and measuring instruments used by the 1848 and the 1864 expeditions.

关键词： dead sea stratification research history sampling equipment self-registering thermometer

dead sea Starvation: Towards Enhanced Monitoring of Water Resources by Modeling Meteorological Variables and Remote Sensing Data

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2016年第12期9卷 588-600页

作者： Nazeeh Ghatasheh Ismail Al-Taharwa Bilal Al-Ahmad Mua’ad Abu-Faraj Department of Business Information Technology The University of Jordan Aqaba Jordan Department of Computer Information Systems The University of Jordan Aqaba Jodan

Meteorological metrics have been used for weather forecasting and climate prediction. Remote sensing images proved to be a valuable resource to represent the terrain of earth’s surface. Recently, there has been extensive research to model changes on the earth’s landscape including water bodies using remote sensing images. Meanwhile, meteorological data have been used mainly to model climate changes. This research tries to leverage both resources to achieve enhanced monitoring of the dead sea shrinkage: first, an attempt to model the relation between several meteorological variables and dead sea shrinkage using machine learning;second, formulating dead sea shrinkage in terms of water level and surface area using data extraction from remote sensing images;finally, confronting the two models to derive a novel approach for predicting dead sea shrinkage based on spatiotemporal images and meteorological measures. The main machine learning algorithms for modeling the water shrinkage in this empirical research are Decision Table, Linear Regression, and Multi Layer Perceptron Neural Networks. The Mean Absolute Error measure of the best model is 1.743 and 0.015. It is challenging to model the relation between meteorological variables and the water level. However, the obtained results are promising to formulate a model of the water level decline rate, which in its turn will be an essential tool for estimating the consumption limits and inflow needs to save the dead sea.

关键词： Analytics dead sea Machine Learning Meteorological Modeling Remote Sensing Risk Prediction

Electrical Properties of dead sea Water

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2021年第12期9卷 3094-3101页

作者： Maen Ishtaiwi Muna Hajjyahya Shahd Habbash Department of Physics An-Najah National University Nablus Palestine

In this paper, dielectric measurements were carried out to obtain conductivity, permittivity (real and imaginary parts) and loss tangent of dead sea water. These dielectric properties were measured using two different methods: Vector Network Analyzer “VNA” (Dielectric Assessment Kit “DAK”) and Four Probe method, all measurements taken at room temperature (25˚C). The collected data has been analyzed in the frequency range (200 MHz - 9 GHz), by making a comparison between the measured data for dead sea water and distilled water, the results have shown that a huge difference in dielectric properties for the two samples. The conductivity of dead sea water is much larger than the conductivity of distilled water, which has been expected because of the fact of the high salinity of dead sea water.

关键词： Permittivity Conductivity Salinity dead sea Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

Formulating dead sea Mud in Cosmetic Products, Its Effects on Skin, and the Underlying Biological Mechanism: A Review

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Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications 2024年第3期14卷 276-288页

作者： Ze’evi Ma’or Dror Cohen Assaf Assis dead sea Hub Fosun Jinmei Cosmetics Dead Sea Israel Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of the Skin The Dead Sea & Arava Science Center Masada Israel Ahava dead sea Laboratories Ltd. Dead Sea Israel

Research Background: The marketing of cosmetic products derived from dead sea (DS) mud has undergone significant evolution, transforming from simple souvenirs into a large-scale cosmetic industry offering a diverse array of products. DS mud is utilized both as pure mud for home spa treatments and as an active ingredient in cosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations. Its global appeal is largely due to its natural, health-oriented image, which aligns with consumer preferences and provides assurance regarding its use in skincare. Research Objectives: This review examines the published data related to the rationale for formulating DS mud in cosmetics, the biological and cosmetic effects of DS mud on the skin, and the speculated bio-mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods: We screened relevant literature on DS mud collected from the shores of the dead sea in Jordan and Israel. Publications on mineral muds excavated in different locations around the globe, as well as studies on the biological mechanisms of other DS minerals, were also reviewed as indications and supportive recommendations. Summarizing the vast collected data into a comprehensive review was undertaken to expose readers to the various aspects of DS mud in cosmetics. Results: The primary reason for formulating DS mud in skincare products is its deep cleansing and skin detoxification properties. Consequently, it is often incorporated into rinse-off masks, soaps, and scrubbing products. Additionally, DS mud is used in leave-on products and sheet masks. Cosmeceutical applications of DS mud, recommended for various skin conditions, offer complementary treatments to improve the quality of life for people with skin diseases. The physicochemical and biological effects of DS mud are driven by its rich mineral ion composition, including magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and strontium—elements known to improve skin barrier function, enhance hydration, and reduce inflammation. The high salt concentration

关键词： dead sea Mineral Cosmetics Mud Health

Hydrochemistry of the Mixed dead sea-Red sea Water under Different Impoundment Scenarios as a Time Dependent State

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第1期10卷 94-108页

作者： J. Abu-Qubu O. Rimawi A. Anbar T. Alebous Z. S. H. Abu-Hamatteh Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Amman Jordan The University of Jordan Amman Jordan The World Islamic and Science University Amman Jordan Civil Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Technology Al-Balqa Applied University Amman Jordan

The expected water mixing process between Red/dead sea water during the proposed conveyance projects is the main target of this research. The project will ensue transporting Red sea water to recover and maintain certain level of the dead sea, mostly will reach -395 m. It is found that, the two different water bodies with different EC values or different densities (salinities) are relatively divided by stable plane. This plane is defined as the BARZACH PLANE. In this study, the mixing process occurred between the Red Sea with the Dead Sea waters, located at 20% - 24% of the Dead Sea column depth based on the Barzach Plane level. During a laboratory experimental work, it is found that the mixed Red/Dead Sea water evaporates in a high rate until certain level where the solution attains oversaturated conditions with different dissolved solids. At this stage, a thin layer of solids suddenly formed and floated at the surface of the dense brine. The salinity of the captured water is so dense that floated salt layer cannot be dissolved. In addition, the formed floated salt layer at the surface prevents the below captured water to evaporate and at this stage, stalactites start to form until the excess dissolved solids are not oversaturated with any mineral.

关键词： Hydrochemistry dead sea Red sea Brine Water Mixing Process Barzach Plan Jordan

Mud volcano origin of the Mottled Zone,South Levant

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Geoscience Frontiers 2013年第5期4卷 597-619页

作者： Igor Novikov Yevgeny Vapnik Inna Safonova Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS Koptuyga Ave.3Novosibirsk 630090Russia Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the NegevP.O.B.653Beer-Sheva 84105Israel

The Mottled Zone（MZ） or Hatrurim Formation,which occurs near the Levantine Transform in the South Levant,has been studied during the last 150 years but its origin remains *** Zone Complex/Complexes（MZC/MZCs） consist of brecciated carbonate and low-temperature calcium-hydro-silicate rocks,which include unusual high- and ultra-high-temperature low-pressure（HT-LP） meta-morphic mineral *** MZ has been regarded as a product of combustion of bituminous chalks of the Ghareb *** Cretaceous（Maastrichtian） *** this paper we present detailed geographic, geomorphologic,structural and geological data from the MZCs of the South Levant,which show that the MZCs cannot be stratigraphically correlated with the Ghareb Fm.,because MZC late Oligocene-late Pleistocene deposits occur within or unconformable i.e.,with stratigraphic hiatus,overlap both the late Cretaceous and,in places,Neogene stratigraphic *** propose an alternative model for the formation of MZCs by tectonically induced mud volcanism during late Oligocene-late Pleistocene time. This model explains（i） the presence of dikes and tube-like bodies,which consist of brecciated exotic clastic material derived from stratigraphically and hypsometrically lower horizons;（ii） mineral assemblages of sanidinite facies metamorphism;（iii） multi-stage character of HT-LP pyrometamorphism;and （iv） multi-stage low-temperature hydrothermal *** temperatures（up to 1500℃） mineral assemblages resulted from combustion of hydrocarbon gases of mud *** volcanism was spatially and structurally related to neotectonic folds and deformation zones formed in response to opening of the Red sea rift and propagation of the Levantine Transform *** model may significantly change the prospects for oil-and-gas deposits in the region.

关键词： HT-LP sanidinite facies metamorphism Geomorphology dead sea Levantine Transform Neotectonics Hydrocarbon traps

Soil Biota in the Arava Valley of Negev Desert,Israel

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Pedosphere 2010年第3期20卷 273-284页

作者： S. PEN-MOURATOV T. MYBLAT I. SHAMIR G. BARNESS Y. STEINBERGER The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University

Soil microorganism biomass and respiration and the soil nematode community were observed in the hypersaline desert valley that is found between the dead sea and the Red sea. The lowest point of the valley is approximately 400 m below sea level, and is the lowest point on earth. Soil samples (n = 72) were collected from the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers at different altitudes (from -400 to +100 m) in the open spaces between plants during one of the most extreme xeric periods. Both soil microbial respiration and microbial biomass were found to be negatively dependent on soil moisture (SM) and organic matter (OM), and positively dependent on pH values. The physical-chemical characteristics of this hypersaline area were extremely unfavorable for the soil nematode communities, and the nematodes were entirely absent in the open area below sea level. The bacterivores were found to be the most resistant nematodes in this hyperarid region, with the Wilsonema being the most widespread genus. We suggest that nitrogen availability may play a crucial role in the below-ground soil interaction in this region, with bacterivore nematodes as indicators of nitrogen availability.

关键词： dead sea microbial biomass nematode community respiration trophic groups

The Need for International Cooperation between Israel and Other Middle East Nations to Protect the Jordan River Landscape

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第5期14卷 283-307页

作者： Kenneth Ray Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The Jordan River, also referred to as Nahr Al Sharieat in Arabic, is a long river in the Middle East that flows from north to south through the sea of Galilee to the dead sea. The Jordan River is bordered by the Golan Heights and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in the east and by Israel and the Palestinian West Bank (Judea and Samaria) in the west. Soil tunnels, including those in the Jordan River watershed and on the Israel, Syria, and Lebanon borders, have a long history of use for warfare, as invasion pathways, smuggling, and storage of rockets, missiles and ordnance and are causes of serious political tension between the countries. Soil tunnel construction and destruction often has adverse environmental and human health impacts in the Jordan River landscape. Due to agricultural wastes, the discharge of untreated sewage, and diversion of saline springs into the river water there has been serious deterioration in the water quality in the lower courses of the Jordan River. The primary objective of this research is to encourage the development of a multi-country clean-up, mitigation, and protection plan for the Jordan River.

关键词： Jordan River Jordan Israel Lebanon Syria dead sea sea of Galilee Six-Day War Soil Tunnels