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Drones,virtual reality,and modeling:communicating catastrophic dam failure

International Journal of Digital Earth 2022年第1期15卷 585-605页

作者： H.R.Spero I.Vazquez-Lopez K.Miller R.Joshaghani S.Cutchin J.Enterkine Department of Geosciences Boise State UniversityBoiseIDUSA Department of Computer Sciences Boise State UniversityBoiseIDUSA

dam failures occur worldwide and can be economically and ecologically devastating.Communicating the scale of these risks to the general public and decision-makers is imperative.Two-dimensional(2D)dam failure hydraulic models inform owners and floodplain managers of flood regimes but have limitations when shared with non-specialists.This study addresses these limitations by constructing a 3D Virtual Reality(VR)environment to display the 1976 Teton dam disaster case study using a pipeline composed of(1)2D hydraulic model data(extrapolated into 3D),(2)a 3D reconstructed dam,and(3)a terrain model processed from UAS(Uncrewed Airborne System)imagery using Structure from Motion photogrammetry.This study validates the VR environment pipeline on the Oculus Quest 2 VR Headset with the criteria:immersion fidelity,movement,immersive soundscape,and agreement with historical observations and terrain.Through this VR environment,we develop an effective method to share historical events and,with future work,improve hazard awareness;applications of this method could improve citizen engagement with Early Warning Systems.This paper establishes a pipeline to produce a visualization tool for merging UAS imagery,Virtual Reality,digital scene creation,and sophisticated 2D hydraulic models to communicate catastrophic flooding events from natural or human-made levees or dams.

关键词： Virtual Reality 3D modeling resilience dam failure photogrammetry

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Temporal and spatial distribution of dam failure events in China

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2008年第4期23卷 398-405页

作者： X.Y.HE 1,Z.Y.WANG 2,and J.C.HUANG 31 Senior Engineer,Department of Water Hazard Research,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China2 Prof.,State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China 3 Prof.,Department of Water Hazard Research,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China Senior Engineer Department of Water Hazard Research China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Beijing 100038 China Prof. State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Prof. Department of Water Hazard Research China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Beijing 100038 China

Reservoirs play a vital role in economic development and flood control. Nevertheless, both human and natural factors may lead to dam failures with catastrophic consequences. Analyzing the data of dam failure events from 1954 to 2003 and using the method of energy spectrum analysis, this paper studies the periodicity of dam failures. The rate of failure of different dam ages is analyzed. The climate is the main factor affecting the rate of dam failure. Climate diagrams are used to analyze the spatial distribution of dam failure events in China. High rate of dam failure occurs with 25-year and 12.5-year periods. The distribution of the percentage of dam failure shows an L-shape as a function of service age. The first 5 years of operation is known as the "infant period", during which, the probability of dam failure is much higher than during any other periods. The failure rate in areas near or north to the 400 mm annual isopluvial line is notably higher than other areas. In areas with high temperature difference among seasons have a high annual average dam failure rate.

关键词： dam failure Temporal and spatial distribution Service age Climate diagram

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Flood risk assessment of check dams in the Wangmaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第12期20卷 3631-3647页

作者： GAO Ze-chao SHI Peng LI Zhan-bin LI Peng BAI Lu-lu JIA Yi-li CUI Lin-zhou State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions Xi'an University of TechnologyXi'an 710048China Northwest Institute of Forest Inventory Planning and DesignNational Forestry and Grassland AdministrationXi’anShaanxi 710041China College of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China

Check dams have been widely used in China’s Loess Plateau region due to their effectiveness in erosion and flood control.However,the safety and stability of the check dam decrease with the operation process,which increases the probability of dam failure during flood events and threatens local residents’ life and property.Thus,this study simulated flood process of the check dam failure in the Wangmaogou watershed in Yulin City,Shaanxi Province,China,calculated different types of inundation losses based on the flood inundation area within the watershed,and determined the number of key flood protection check dams by classifying the flood risk levels of the check dams.The results showed that 5 dams in the watershed were subject to overtopping during different rainfall return periods,which was related to their flood discharge capacity.dam failure flood process showed a rapid growth trend followed by slow decrease,and the time of flood peak advanced with increase in the return period.After harmonization of evaluation scales,the magnitude of flood inundation losses can be ranked as:economic losses(212.409 million yuan) > life losses(10.368 million yuan) > ecological losses(6.433 million yuan).The risk value for both individual dams and the whole dam system decreases as the return period increases.The number of key flood protection check dams in the Wangmaogou watershed was 2,3,3,3,4,and 5 for floods with return periods of 10,20,30,50,100,and 200 years,respectively.The results provided a theoretical basis for the safe operation and risk evaluation of check dams in the Loess Plateau Hills watershed.

关键词： Check dam Return period Flood control risk dam failure Inundation loss

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Distribution, failure risk and reinforcement necessity of check-dams on the Loess Plateau: a review

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Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第2期18卷 499-509页

作者： GUO Wen-zhao WANG Wen-Long XU Qiang HU Jian-jun ZHU Li-li State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Water and Soil ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610059China Xi'an Planning Design&Research InstituteUpper and middle Yellow River BureauYellow River Conservancy CommissionMinistry of Water ResourcesXi'an 710021China

Check-dams are the most important measure to control the soil and water loss in highly erodible catchments on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Based on the data of check-dams from 1950 to 2014,our study roundly analyzed the regional distribution,function and the problems of check-dams on the Loess Plateau.A total of 17,094 check-dams with a storage capacity of over 100,000 m^(3) and an average density of 0.027 counts km^(-2) were installed on the Loess Plateau.Check-dams’densities varied greatly in the Qinghai Province,Gansu Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Shaanxi Province,Shanxi Province and Henan Province.The highest density of check-dams reached 0.088 counts km^(-2) in Shaanxi Province,whereas the lowest density of check-dams was only 0.005 counts km^(-2) in Qinghai Province.However,after decades of operation,3025 large check-dams and 2257 medium check dams are dangerous and have security risks,which are seriously threatening downstream safety.The dangerous rate of checkdams is high.Specifically,the check-dams in Shanxi and Qinghai Province have the highest dangerous rates,with both exceeding 53%.Therefore,there is an urgent need for carrying out reinforcement of the dangerous check-dams.The results are helpful to policymakers to extend and develop check-dams.

关键词： Check-dam Soil erosion Sediment Gully dam failure Chinese Loess Plateau

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Necessity of integrated methodology for hazard mitigation of quake lakes:case study of the Wenchuan Earthquake,China

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2011年第1期5卷 1-10页

作者： Xudong FU Fan LIU Guangqian WANG Wenjie XU Jianxin ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Bureau of Hydrology Ministry of Water ResourcesBeijing 100084China

The massive 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan Earthquake triggered huge landslides,avalanches,and debris flows that blocked rivers and created 34 important quake lakes,including the Tangjiashan Quake Lake on the Tongkou River.More than half of these lakes were identified to be of moderate or high hazard levels,so activities needed to be undertaken for hazard mitigation of potential flooding.This paper presents the mitigation processes of quake lake hazards,which involve various techniques such as rapid hazard analysis,scenario-based mitigation planning,and real-time forecasting of outburst flooding for implementation actions.The shortage of hydrologic and geological data and the nature of emergency situations raise substantial challenges in the hazard mitigation of quake lakes.This paper suggests a potential approach in dealing with quake lake hazards,which integrates the automatic monitoring network,hydrologic models,and hydrodynamic models with a comprehensive indicator for hazard levels.The necessity of improving the integrated methodology is highlighted.

关键词： quake lake hazard mitigation dam failure emergency Tangjiashan

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滑坡坝体溃决洪水水力学

滑坡坝体溃决洪水水力学

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2009水资源与可持续发展高层论坛

作者：曹志先岳志远 Gareth Pender 武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室英国Heriot-Watt大学建筑环境学院

滑坡坝体往往由松散物质构成并容易溃决,其溃决形成的洪水可能在下游造成严重的灾害。然而,由于对滑坡坝体溃决洪水的野外观测和实验室研究极为有限,迄今对滑坡坝体溃决和洪水水力学的物理机制的理解还远未完善。不可避免地,目前还无法... 详细信息

滑坡坝体往往由松散物质构成并容易溃决,其溃决形成的洪水可能在下游造成严重的灾害。然而,由于对滑坡坝体溃决洪水的野外观测和实验室研究极为有限,迄今对滑坡坝体溃决和洪水水力学的物理机制的理解还远未完善。不可避免地,目前还无法对滑坡坝体溃决洪水作出可靠的预报,从而妨碍了洪水风险的有效管理。我们在80米长、1.2米宽和0.8米深的水槽中对滑坡坝体溃决及其形成的洪水进行了24组次的系列实验,涉及不同的上游来流流量、坝高、坝体组成和初始溃口尺寸。应用12个自动水位计记录全程水位过程,并通过摄像记录溃口发展过程。我们还建立了基于浅水动力学、二阶TVD-WAF算法和HLLC近似Riemann解子的全场二维水沙耦合数学模型。实验研究表明:漫顶水流侵蚀是滑坡坝体破坏的基本形式;但当有初始溃口时,横向坍塌对滑坡坝体的破坏有实质性贡献。粘土可能显著地抑制滑坡坝体中的渗流运动及其沉降,并降低其破坏速率;但这些效应相对于上游来流流量和坝体初始溃口的影响则是次要的。特别地,滑坡坝体初始溃口可以明显地降低坝址处的峰值流量,从而对减小下游洪水风险有实质性意义。经过大尺度水槽实验的证实,这里建立的具备健全物理基础的二维水沙耦合数学模型可望应用于预报滑坡坝体溃决洪水过程。

关键词： landslide dam dam failure flood erosion mass collapse

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