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Hepatitis B virus lineages in mammalian hosts:Potential for bidirectional cross-species transmission

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第24期20卷 7665-7674页

作者： Cibele R Bonvicino Miguel A Moreira Marcelo A Soares Genetics Division Instituto Nacional de CancerRio de JaneiroRJ 20231-050Brazil Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Reservatórios Silvestres IOCFIOCRUZRio de JaneiroRJ 21045-900Brazil Genetics Department Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroRJ 21949-570Brazil

The hepatitis B virus(HBV)is a cosmopolitan infectious agent currently affecting over 350 million people worldwide,presently accounting for more than two billion *** addition to man,other hepatitis virus strains infect species of several mammalian families of the Primates,Rodentia and Chiroptera orders,in addition to *** mounting evidence of HBV infection in African,Asian and neotropical primates draws attention to the potential crossspecies,zoonotic transmission of these viruses to ***,recent evidence also suggests the humans may also function as a source of viral infection to other mammals,particularly to domestic animals like poultry and *** this review,we list all evidence of HBV and HBVlike infection of nonhuman mammals and discuss their potential roles as donors or recipients of these viruses to humans and to other closely-related species.

关键词： Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus nonhuman host cross-

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On Affective Communication——From Perspective of Cultural Context

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海外英语 2014年第23期 23-24页

作者：杨佩佩 Foreign Languages School Zhejiang Gongshang University

Nowadays, cross-cultural study is turning to pragmatic fields concerning communication, such as business negotiation,overseas life and language teaching, etc. This paper reviews previous studies of culture and communication, attempting to reveal how to have affective communication from perspective of cultural context by case studies. As a result, theoretical foundation and case studies prove that although we have cooperative principles as general guidelines for communication, cultural awareness, especially awareness of High Context(HC) and Low Context(LC), still plays a key role in cross-cultural communication by making up for the lost of meaning while transmission.

关键词： cultural awareness High Context Low Context cross-

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