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Size distribution and chemical characteristics of particles from Crop residue open burning in North China

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2021年第11期33卷 66-76页

作者： Tingkun Li Qili Dai Xiaohui Bi Jianhui Wu Yufen Zhang Yinchang Feng State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin300350China.

Crop residue open burning is an important emission source of ambient particles in China.This study analyzed the particle emission characteristics of Crop residue open burning through combustion experiments with a novel open combustion simulation device using three typical crop straws in north China(corn,wheat,and rice).Particle samples size ranging from 0.006–9.890μm were collected by an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor plus,a high size-resolution instrument capable of dividing particles into 14 size stages.The size distributions of organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC),water-soluble ions,and elements were analyzed,and source chemical profiles were constructed for PM0.1,PM1,PM2.5,and PM10.The number concentration of particles was concentrated in the Aiken nuclei mode(0.006–0.054μm),accounting for 75%of the total number,whereas the mass concentration was concentrated in the accumulation mode(0.054–0.949μm),accounting for 85.43%of the mass loading.OC,EC,Cl−,and K(include total K and water-soluble K)were the major chemical components of the particles,whose mass percentage distributions differed from those of other components.These fivemain components exhibited a bell-shaped size distribution in the 0.006–9.890μm range,whereas the other components exhibited a U-shaped distribution.Among the chemical profiles for PM0.1–PM10,OC was the most important component at 10–30%,followed by EC at 2%–8%.The proportions of K^(+),Cl^(−),and K varied substantially in different experimental groups,ranging from 0–15%,and K+and Cl−were significantly correlated(r=0.878,α=0.000).

关键词： Crop residue Open burning Size distribution Source profile Electrical Low Pressure Impactor plus(ELPI+)

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Dynamics of major air pollutants from Crop residue burning in China's Mainland,2000–2014

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第8期30卷 190-205页

作者： Quanfeng Jin Xiangqing Ma Guangyu Wang Xiajie Yang Futao Guo College of Forestry Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China Co-innovation Center for Soil and Water Conservation in the Red Soil Region of the Cross-straits Fuzhou 350002China Li Shui Vocational Technical College Lishui 323000China Asia-Pacific Forest Research Centre Faculty of ForestryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada

Based on satellite image data and China＇s Statistical Yearbooks（2000 to 2014）, we estimated the total mass of Crop residue burned, and the proportion of residue burned in the field vs.indoors as domestic fuel. The total emissions of various pollutants from the burning of Crop residue were estimated for 2000-2014 using the emission factor method. The results indicate that the total amount of Crop residue and average burned mass were 8690.9 Tg and4914.6 Tg, respectively. The total amount of emitted pollutants including CO2, CO, NOx,VOCs, PM（2.5）, OC（organic carbon）, EC（element carbon） and TC（total carbon） were 4212.4–8440.9 Tg, 192.8–579.4 Tg, 4.8–19.4 Tg, 18.6–61.3 Tg, 18.8–49.7 Tg, 6.7–31.3 Tg, 2.3–4.7 Tg, and8.5–34.1 Tg, respectively. The emissions of pollutants released from Crop residue burning were found to be spatially variable, with the burning of Crop residue mainly occurring in Northeast, North and South China. In addition, pollutant emissions per unit area（10 km ×10 km） were mostly concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. Emissions of CO2, NOx, VOCs, OC and TC were mainly from rice straw burning, while burning of corn and wheat residues contributed most to emissions of CO, PM（2.5） and EC. The increased ratio of PM（2.5） emissions from Crop residue burning to the total emitted from industry during the study period is attributed to the implementation of strict emissions management policies in Chinese industry. This study also provides baseline data for assessment of the regional atmospheric environment.

关键词： Agricultural pollutants Crop residue Straw burning Air pollution Temporal and spatial variations

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Tillage, Crop residue, and nutrient management effects on.soil organic carbon in rice-based cropping systems： A review

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2017年第1期16卷 1-15页

作者： Rajan Ghimire Sushil Lamichhane Bharat Sharma Acharya Prakriti Bista Upendra Man Sainju Agricultural Science Center New Mexico State University NM 88101 USA Soil Science Division Nepal Agricultural Research Council Khumaltar Nepal Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University OK 74078 USA Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Center Oregon State University OR 97801 USA Northern Plains Agricultural Research Lab USDA-ARS MT 59270 USA

Soil organic carbon （SOC） sequestration is one of the major agricultural strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions, enhance food security, and improve agricultural sustainability. This paper synthesizes the much-needed state- of-knowledge on the effects of tillage, Crop residue, and nutrient management practices on SOC sequestration and identifies potential research gap, opportunities, and challenges in studying SOC dynamics in rice （Oryza sativa L.）-based cropping systems in South Asia, mainly in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Improved management prac- tices such as reduced- and no-tillage management, nitrogen （N） fertilizer and farmyard manure （FYM） application, and Crop residue addition can improve SOC accumulation. Positive effects of no-tillage, Crop residue addition, N addition through manure or compost application, and integration of organic and chemical fertilizers on SOC accumulation in rice-based cropping systems have been documented from South Asia. However, limited data and enormous discrepancies in SOC measurements across the region exist as the greatest challenge in increasing SOC sequestration and improving agricultural sustainability. More research on SOC as influenced by alternative tillage, Crop residue, and nutrient management systems, and development of SOC monitoring system for existing long-term experiments will advance our understanding of the SOC dynamics in rice-based cropping systems and improve agricultural system sustainability in South Asia.

关键词： carbon mapping carbon sequestration Crop residue no-tillage rice-wheat system

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Assessing the potential of Crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014年第4期8卷 570-579页

作者： Lili QU Tianzhu ZHANG Wei LU Institute of Environmental Management and Policy School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of Crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of Crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key Crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of Crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the Crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of Crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key Crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.

关键词： China Crop residue recycling potential technology options

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Environmental,social,and economic assessment of energy utilization of Crop residue in China

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Frontiers in Energy 2021年第2期15卷 308-319页

作者： Yueling ZHANG Junjie LI Huan LIU Guangling ZHAO Yajun TIAN Kechang XIE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization(Ministry of Education) College of Environmental Sciense and EngineeringNorth China Electic Power UniversityBeijing 102206China School Chemical and Environmental Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijng 100083China Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of DenmarkLyngby 2820Denmark National Institute of Clean and Low Carbon Energy Beijing 102211China Chinese Acadamy of Engineering Beijing 100088China

This paper aims to discuss an environmental, social, and economic analysis of energy utilization of Crop residues from life cycle perspectives in China. The methodologies employed to achieve this objective are environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), life cycle cost (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Five scenarios are developed based on the conversion technologies and final bioenergy products. The system boundaries include Crop residue collection, transportation, pre-treatment, and conversion process. The replaced amounts of energy are also taken into account in the E-LCA analysis. The functional unit is defined as 1 MJ of energy produced. Eight impact categories are considered besides climate change in E-LCA. The investment capital cost and salary cost are collected and compared in the life cycle of the scenarios. Three stakeholders and several subcategories are considered in the S-LCA analysis defined by UNEP/SETAS guidelines. The results show that the energy utilization of Crop residue has carbon emission factors of 0.09–0.18 kg (CO2 eq per 1 MJ), and presents a net carbon emissions reduction of 0.03–0.15 kg (CO2 eq per 1 MJ) compared with the convectional electricity or petrol, but the other impacts should be paid attention to in the biomass energy scenarios. The energy utilization of Crop residues can bring economic benefit to local communities and the society, but the working conditions of local workers need to be improved in future biomass energy development.

关键词： Crop residue life cycle assessment life cycle cost social life cycle assessment energy production

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Effect of Crop residue retention on rice yield in China:A meta-analysis

Effect of crop residue retention on rice yield in China:A me...

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中国作物学会2013年学术年会

作者： Shan Huang Yongjun Zeng Jianfu Wu Qinghua Shi Xiaohua Pan Jiangxi Key Laboratory of crop Physiology Ecology and Genetic BreedingMinistry of EducationJiangxi Agricultural University

Crop residue management affects both crop productivity and soil fertility as well as human and environmental health,thus playing a critical role in the sustainability of cropping systems.We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effect of in situ retention of Crop residues on rice yield in China,and evaluated their fertilizer value for rice production.Results indicated that overall,Crop residue retention significantly increased rice yield by 5.2%in China.Spikelet number per panicle and grain weight showed significant positive responses to Crop residue retention,whereas the number of panicles and the percentage of filled grains were not significantly affected.Yield gains under Crop residue retention were lowest,but significant,at mean annual temperature of 11-15℃.Yield responses to Crop residue retention were not significantly affected by soil N content,residue types (legume vs.non-legume),and tillage regimes(no-tillage vs.conventional tillage).Rice yield gains under Crop residue retention increased with increasing experimental duration.Yield responses to Crop residue retention increased when the proportion of inorganic N fertilizer applied in the vegetative stage increased from 70%to 100%.Compared to full rates of inorganic fertilization alone,rice yield was not adversely affected by Crop residue retention with reduced rates of inorganic N,P,and K fertilizers by averages of 29.4%,8.3%,and 21.9%, respectively.Therefore,we conclude that Crop residue retention can significantly increase rice yield and substitute a part of inorganic fertilizers,while the magnitude of yield gains and fertilizer reduction may be site-specific and depend on agronomic practices.

关键词： Crop residue decomposition fertilizer value N management rice yield

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Identification of Techno-Economically Viable Crop residue Utilization in India

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2021年第2期11卷 94-104页

作者： Shahabaddine Sokhansanj Yogender Kumar Yadav Anthony Lau Yadvika Mahmood Ebadian Kanishk Verma University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada CCS Haryana Agricultural University Haryana India

India generates more than 140 million tonnes of surplus Crop residue every year In Haryana, the agricultural sector alone produces 24.64 million tonnes of residue annually;of which only 71% is consumed in various domestic and commercial activities within the state. The rest of the material is burned causing severe contamination of air with smoke. There is an urgent need to identify suitable and sustainable conversion technologies that are efficient, eco-friendly as well as cost-effective for managing the huge available biomass not only in the state but also in the country. This paper reviews briefly the available Crop residue and quantities burned, proposes a scheme to incorporate part of the residue in the field for its fertilizer value. The remaining biomass is harvested for animal feed and the excess is converted to bioenergy and biofuels. Among the developed and developing biofuels, the paper identifies biogas production from biomass for on-farm use. Pelletization is identified as an enabling technology to provide high quality feedstock for conversion to heat/power and in near future to advanced biofuels.

关键词： India Crop residue crop Burning Environment Harvest Collection Pellets Biogas Techno-Economic Advanced Biofuels

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Crop residues: applications of lignocellulosic biomass in the context of a biorefinery

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Frontiers in Energy 2022年第2期16卷 224-245页

作者： Maria Carolina ANDRADE Caio de Oliveira GORGULHO SILVA Leonora Rios de SOUZA MOREIRA Edivaldo Ximenes FERREIRA FILHO Laboratory of Enzymology Department of Cellular BiologyUniversity of BrasiliaBrasiliaDFBrazil

Interest in lignocellulosic biomass conversion technologies has increased recently because of their potential to reduce the dependency on non-renewable feedstocks. residues from a variety of crops are the major source of lignocellulose, which is being produced in increasingly large quantities worldwide. The commercial exploitation of Crop residues as feedstocks for biorefineries which could be used to produce a variety of goods such as biofuels, biochemicals, bioplastics, and enzymes is an attractive approach not only for adding value to residues but also for providing renewable products required by the expanding bioeconomy market. Moreover, the implementation of biorefineries in different regions has the potential to add value to the specific Crop residues produced in the region. In this review, several aspects of Crop residue application in biorefineries are discussed, including the role of Crop residues in the bioeconomy and circular economy concepts, the main technical aspects of Crop residue conversion in biorefineries, the main Crop residues generated in different regions of the world and their availability, the potential value-added bioproducts that can be extracted or produced from each Crop residue, and the major advantages and challenges associated with Crop residue utilization in biorefineries. Despite their potential, most biomass refining technologies are not sufficiently advanced or financially viable. Several technical obstacles, especially with regard to Crop residue collection, handling, and pre-treatment, prevent the implementation of biorefineries on a commercial scale. Further research is needed to resolve these scale-up-related challenges. Increased governmental incentives and bioeconomic strategies are expected to boost the biorefinery market and the cost competitiveness of biorefinery products.

关键词： Crop residue biorefinery bioproduct biomass circular bioeconomy enzyme

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Recycling of isabgol(Plantago ovata Forsk.)straw biomass and mineral powder with bio-inoculants as an effective soil amendment for isabgol cultivation

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Pedosphere 2022年第5期32卷 686-697页

作者： Biraj Bandhu BASAK Ajoy SAHA Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Anand 387310(India) Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Bangalore Research CentreBengaluru 560089(India)

Efficient utilization of isabgol(Plantgo ovata Forsk.)straw biomass through preparation of bio-active organic fertilizer in a natural composting process has not been studied.In this study,phosphate rock and silicate mineral(mica)powder were used as natural sources of phosphorus(P)and potassium(K),respectively.Cow dung slurry as a natural decomposer was mixed with the straw biomass at a 10:1(weight/weight)ratio along with mineral powder.Then,nutrient-mobilizing bio-inoculants were used in the composting process after attaining thermal stabilization.The agronomic effectiveness of the resulting bio-active compost(BAC)as a bio-organic fertilizer was compared with that of conventional organics(farmyard manure and vermicompost)and chemical fertilizer(CF)by growing isabgol under field conditions.Composting with the natural sources of P and K along with the bio-inoculants increased the total nitrogen(13.6 g kg^(-1)),P(38.7 g kg^(-1)),and K(31.2 g kg^(-1))contents in the final product(i.e.,BAC)compared with composting without the mineral powder and bio-inoculants.Application of BAC remarkably improved the seed yield(2.5%)and husk quality of isabgol in comparison with conventional organics and CF.Compared with CF,BAC significantly boosted the economic yield of isabgol by improving the husk recovery(2.5%)and mucilage yield(4.12%).Furthermore,BAC significantly improved the soil quality by increasing organic carbon(C),available nutrients,and microbial biomass C contents,as well as enzyme activity.The positive correlation between soil and plant parameters also highlighted the benefits of BAC for isabgol production through soil quality improvement.Therefore,it can be considered as a zero-waste technology,whereby a large quantity of straw biomass generated from isabgol cultivation,which contains essential nutrients,can be recycled back to the soil.Furthermore,BAC can be effectively used as a bio-active organic fertilizer,particularly in systems where chemical inputs are restricted,such as organic agriculture.

关键词： agronomic effectiveness bio-active compost Crop residue enriched compost low-grade minerals organic fertilizer soil properties

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Effects of zero burning waste on the quality of liquid fertilizer and vermicompost

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2020年第4期13卷 159-165页

作者： Adi Jaya Bambang SLautt Emmy UAntang Sosilawaty Sibot Salampak Dohong Panji Surawijaya Salundik Dohong Faculty of Agriculture The University of Palangka RayaPalangka Raya 73112Indonesia Faculty of Animal Husbandry IPB University Bogor 16680Indonesia

Peatland is an important ecosystem in Indonesia.But in almost every dry season,drained peatlands have been subject to detrimental wildfires.As a response,the government has explicitly prohibited the burning of land since 2016.To clear the land of Crop residues and conduct zero burning practices,one alternative method is to utilize the waste biomass to support the cultivation of earthworms(vermiculture).This study examined the quality of liquid fertilizers and compost produced from vermiculture using a completely randomized factorial design,consisting of two treatment factors.The first factor was worm type,with two species used in this research named Lumbricus rubellus and Eudrilus eugeniae.The second factor was the type of feed provided to the worms,comprising no feed(control),vegetable waste,and Crop residue waste resulting from zero burning land preparation.The type of feed significantly affected the pH value of the liquid fertilizer produced by the vermiculture but did not significantly affect the nutrient contents(N,P,and K).The combination of the types of earthworms and types of feed significantly affected the pH value of the vermicompost.The combination of worm types and feed types had a significant effect on exchangeable Ca,but not on exchangeable Mg,Na,and K.In combination,green vegetable waste and Lumbricus rubellus produced the greatest effect on soil CEC.However,for Base Saturation,the control(no food)and Eudrilus eugeniae showed the highest value.Types of worms and types of feed had a significant effect on the exchangeable Mg,while the other three parameters made no significant differences.Zero burning waste and Eudrilus eugeniae provide a better exchangeable Ca and Mg.In contrast,no-feeding and Eudrilus eugeniae have a better effect on exchangeable Na and K.Types of worms and types of feed did not significantly affect the weight of worm colonies,but the addition of feed increased the weight of worms with the highest weight resulting from the use of zero burning waste feed.The results showed that crop

关键词： liquid organic fertilizer vermicompost Lumbricus rubellus Eudrilus eugeniae zero burning waste Crop residue land preparation

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