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Exploring the correlation between temperature and crime:A case-crossover study of eight cities in America

Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2024年第1期5卷 13-36页

作者： Jinming Hu Xiaofeng Hu Xin’ge Han Yan Lin Huanggang Wu Bing Shen School of Information Technology and Cyber Security People’s Public Security University of ChinaBeijing 100038China Center for Capital Social Safety People’s Public Security University of ChinaBeijing 100038China China Association for Public Safety Beijing 100084China School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China School of International Police Studies People’s Public Security University of ChinaBeijing 100038China

Recent years have seen increasing academic interest in exploring the correlation between temperature and crime.However,it is uncertain whether similar long-term trends or seasonality(rather than causal effect)of temper-ature and crime is the major reason for the observed correlation between them.To explore whether there is still a correlation between temperature and crime when long-term trends and seasonal cycles are filtered out,we use the Kalman filter to decompose the time series of temperature and crimes,and then the fast Fourier transform is used to calculate the exact circle of their seasonality separately.Based on that,the box-plot method and linear regression are used to explore the correlation between temperature residuals and crime residuals.The results show that more than half of the crime types have similar seasonal cycles(approximately 1 year)to that of temperature.Moreover,the daily residual analyses show that temperature residuals have a positive correlation with assault and robbery residuals in all cities,whose average slopes are more than 0.1.The other four types of crimes vary greatly from case to case.The temperature residuals show a weak correlation with the residuals of some crime types.

关键词： Time series decomposition crime Temperature Kalman filter Fast fourier transform

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Hourly Wage and the Likelihood of Stealing an Item

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Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing 2024年第2期12卷 289-303页

作者： Benjamin Borketey David Borketey Department of Economics The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA Department of Mathematics The University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationship between crime rates and hourly wages, this paper takes a novel approach by utilizing micro-level data to examine the influence of hourly wages on the likelihood of stealing an item valued at least $50. The results obtained from the estimations reveal that an increase in hourly wage leads to a decrease in the probability of theft, all other factors being held constant. Further estimation by gender revealed that hourly wages given to both male and female have no bearing on the decision to steal. Additionally, the analysis of the differences in theft probabilities across gender and race demonstrates that males consistently exhibit a higher likelihood of engaging in theft when compared to females across various racial groups.

关键词： crime Hourly Wage Male Female Logistic Regression

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Exploring associations between streetscape factors and crime behaviors using Google Street View images

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2022年第4期16卷 45-58页

作者： Mingyu Deng Wei Yang Chao Chen Chenxi Liu School of Computer Science Chongqing UniversityChongqing400044China School of Management Science and Real Estate Chongqing UniversityChongqing400044China State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission Chongqing UniversityChongqing400044China

Understanding the influencing mechanism of the urban streetscape on crime is fairly important to crime prevention and urban management.Recently,the development of deep learning technology and big data of street view images,makes it possible to quantitatively explore the relationship between streetscape and crime.This study computed eight streetscape indexes of the street built environment using Google Street View images firstly.Then,the association between the eight indexes and recorded crime events was revealed with a poisson regression model and a geographically weighted poisson regression model.An experiment was conducted in downtown and uptown Manhattan,New York.Global regression results show that the influences of Motorization Index on crimes are significant and positive,while the effects of the Light View Index and Green View Index on crimes depend heavily on the socioeconomic factors.From a local perspective,the Pedestrian Space Index,Green View Index,Light View Index and Motorization Index have a significant spatial influence on crimes,while the same visual streetscape factors have different effects on different streets due to the combination differences of socioeconomic,cultural and streetscape elements.The key streetscape elements of a given street that affect a specific criminal activity can be identified according to the strength of the association.The results provide both theoretical and practical implications for crime theories and crime prevention efforts.

关键词： crime Google Street View streetscape spatial analysis geographically weighted poisson regression

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Fingerprint analysis for the determination of hand origin(right/left)using the axis slant in whorl patterns

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Forensic Sciences Research 2022年第2期7卷 285-289页

作者： Neeti Kapoor Ashish Badiye Swati Dubey Mishra Department of Forensic Science Government Institute of Forensic ScienceNagpurMaharashtraIndia Shri Vaishnav Institute of Forensic Science Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth VishwavidyalayaIndoreMadhya PradeshIndia

Fingerprints are frequently encountered during both civil and criminal investigations.Fingerprints possess numerous characteristics that assist with personal identification.Determining the hand of origin(right or left)for an individual fingerprint would help reduce investigation time and potentially eliminate certain suspects.In this study,we collected a total of 2900 single digit fingerprints from 290 individuals,and the whorl axis slant was examined in the 743 whorl pattern fingerprints(385 from the right hand and 358 from the left hand).A slant towards the right side was present in 81.82%of samples from the right hand,while a slant towards the left side was observed in 80.73%of samples from the left hand.After applying a chi-square test to the dataset,the results were found to be statistically significant for the determination of hand origin.Our results suggest that the whorl axis slant in a fingerprint is indicative of hand origin(right or left).

关键词： Forensic sciences side determination whorl slant fingerprint analysis crime hand

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Quantitative Analysis of crime Incidents in Chicago Using Data Analytics Techniques

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2019年第5期59卷 389-396页

作者： Daniel Rivera Ruiz Alisha Sawant Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University251 Mercer StNew York 10012USA

In this paper we aim to identify certain social factors that influence,and thus can be used to predict,the occurrence of crimes.The factors under consideration for this analytic are social demographics such as age,sex,poverty,etc.,train ridership,traffic density and the number of business licenses per community area in Chicago,IL.A factor will be considered pertinent if there is high correlation between it and the number of crimes of a particular type in that community area.

关键词： Analytics big data Chicago correlation crime

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Plug-and-Play Based Optimization Algorithm for New crime Density Estimation

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2019年第2期34卷 476-493页

作者： Xiang-Chu Feng Chen-Ping Zhao Si-Long Peng Xi-Yuan Hu Zhao-Wei Ouyang School of Mathematics and Statistics Xidian University Xi’an 710126 China School of Mathematical Science Henan Institute of Science and Technology Xinxiang 453003 China Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China School of Computer and Control Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China Research Center of Beijing Visystem Co. Ltd. Beijing 100190 China

Different from a general density estimation,the crime density estimation usually has one important factor:the geographical constraint.In this paper,a new crime density estimation model is formulated,in which the regions where crime is impossible to happen,such as mountains and lakes,are excluded.To further optimize the estimation method,a learning-based algorithm,named Plug-and-Play,is implanted into the augmented Lagrangian scheme,which involves an off-the-shelf filtering operator.Different selections of the filtering operator make the algorithm correspond to several classical estimation models.Therefore,the proposed Plug-and-Play optimization based estimation algorithm can be regarded as the extended version and general form of several classical methods.In the experiment part,synthetic examples with different invalid regions and samples of various distributions are first tested.Then under complex geographic constraints,we apply the proposed method with a real crime dataset to recover the density estimation.The state-of-the-art results show the feasibility of the proposed model.

关键词： crime density estimation augmented Lagrangian strategy Plug-and-Play filtering operator

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Monitoring and Early Warning of New Cyber-Telecom crime Platform Based on BERT Migration Learning

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China Communications 2020年第3期17卷 140-148页

作者： Shengli Zhou Xin Wang Zerui Yang Information Department of Zhejiang Police College Hangzhou 310053China International School of Zhejiang Police College Hangzhou 310053China

The network is a major platform for implementing new cyber-telecom crimes.Therefore,it is important to carry out monitoring and early warning research on new cyber-telecom crime platforms,which will lay the foundation for the establishment of prevention and control systems to protect citizens’property.However,the deep-learning methods applied in the monitoring and early warning of new cyber-telecom crime platforms have some apparent drawbacks.For instance,the methods suffer from data-distribution differences and tremendous manual efforts spent on data labeling.Therefore,a monitoring and early warning method for new cyber-telecom crime platforms based on the BERT migration learning model is proposed.This method first identifies the text data and their tags,and then performs migration training based on a pre-training model.Finally,the method uses the fine-tuned model to predict and classify new cyber-telecom crimes.Experimental analysis on the crime data collected by public security organizations shows that higher classification accuracy can be achieved using the proposed method,compared with the deep-learning method.

关键词： new cyber-telecom crime BERT model deep learning monitoring and warning text analysis

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Spatial Pattern and Distribution of crime in Suleja Lga, Niger State, Nigeria

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2023年第4期15卷 379-390页

作者： Isaac Utenwojo Ocholi Paul Ojochenemi Abuh Ademu Samuel Aminu Musa Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Kogi State University Anyigba Nigeria

The study examines the Spatial Pattern and Distribution of crime in Suleja LGA, Niger State, Nigeria. The study used GIS and statistical methods to analyse the pattern and distribution of crime incidence in the study area. The records of each crime incidence were geocoded. Microsoft Excel was used to collate and organise the crime entries before they were imported into the ArcGIS Pro 2.0 environment. A geodatabase was created where the spatial and aspatial data were encoded and geospatial analysis was performed. The study reveals that the crime distribution pattern is generally clustered with a Global Moran’s I index of 0.097, a Z-score of 1.87, and a P-value crime rate. Equally, findings of the study show that Chaza, Kwamba, Madalla, Suleja central, and Gaboda are the major crime hotspot zones at 90% confidence, as analysed using the Getis-Ord Gi* (Hot spot analysis) spatial statistics tool in ArcGIS Pro 2.0. The research therefore recommends that more effort be put into fighting crime, especially in areas where there are low-security formations, as they mostly have the highest record of crimes committed. Also, the patrol units should be equipped with GPS for better surveillance and real-time tracking of criminal activities.

关键词： Urban Security Spatial Pattern crime GIS Hotspot Insecurity

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Regardless if it is comedy,action,thriller,or biography:A review of urban crime in the 1980s cinema of Chicago

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Frontiers of Architectural Research 2021年第3期10卷 555-571页

作者： Hamed Goharipour Huston Gibson Gholamreza Latifi Department of Urban Studies The College of WoosterWoosterOH 44691USA Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional&Community Planning Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Department of Social Urbanand Regional PlanningAllameh Tabataba’i UniversityTehranIran

This study investigates the cinematic representation of city crime transactions in Chicago in the 1980s.The narrative nature of cinema provides an imaginative context for interpreting the physical and nonphysical dimensions of urban crimes.From a critical interpretive position,based on Peirce’s semiotics,this study uses“urban cinesemiotics”as the method to select image signs,identify their associated Chicagoan objects,and interpret their designoriented meaning.The theoretical roots of crime prevention through environmental design constitute the basis for the interpretation of movies.A total of 27 crime-related scenes from 9 Chicagoan movies made in the 1980s illustrate that most urban settings suffer from the lack of crime-preventive environmental design.In particular,natural surveillance(eyes on the street),encounter and enclosure,and border vacuums are major environmental factors that affect urban crimes in Chicago.Some crime scenes also depict why environmental design cannot influence individuals’criminal intentions necessarily nor can they solve urban safety single-handedly.

关键词： crime Urban theory CPTED Design Cinema Chicago

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Specific Issues of Criminal Protection in the Field of Genetics:International and Spanish Experience

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Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine 2023年第4期9卷 289-293页

作者： Viktor Anatolievich Shestak Alyona Dmitrievna Tsyplakova Department of Criminal Procedure Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian FederationMoscowRussian FederationRussia2Department of Criminal LawCriminal Procedure and CriminologyMGIMO UniversityMoscowRussia

Background:Methods for combining cloning techniques with genetic engineering techniques(gene manipulation)are currently being developed in order to enhance predetermined biological or mental characteristics.Admissibility of conducting research on human embryos is justified by the fact that it will help to improve the human species and free it from serious diseases.However,two competing rights stand in the way of legality of this practice.On the one hand,the right of a human embryo to development and life.On the other hand,the right of mankind to use all scientific means to fight more effectively against diseases and to receive organs and tissues for transplantation to improve the quality of life.Some researchers believe that human life,if regarded as a moral value,cannot be absolute.Aims and Objectives:This paper examines the relevant legislation on both international and national levels and the Spanish doctrine in terms of defining acts against genetics and evaluating effectiveness to criminalize them in order to ensure the balance between medical ethics and community best interests.Materials and Methods:This study is a description paper on gene-manipulation regulation in Spain,the EU and worldwide.It is based primarily on genetic,systematic-functional and systematization methods with regard to special legal ones.Results and Conclusion:There is a wide of international,supranational and national acts that governs gene manipulation and secures society from illegal actions.Still,there are vague issues to revise either by enacting amendments or referencing to doctrine.The perfect way to ensure community interests is to elaborate both.

关键词： Biotechnology cloning crime criminal law protection stem cells

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