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Economic Viability of Smallholder Agroforestry and Beekeeping Projects in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: A cost benefit analysis

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Open Journal of Forestry 2021年第2期11卷 83-107页

作者： Willickister R. Kadigi Yonika M. Ngaga Reuben M. J. Kadigi Department of Forest and Environmental Economics College of Forestry Wildlife and Tourism Sokoine University of Agriculture CHUO KIKUU Morogoro Tanzania epartment of Forest and Environmental Economics College of Forestry Wildlife and Tourism Sokoine University of Agriculture CHUO KIKUU Morogoro Tanzania Department of Food and Resource Economics School of Agricultural Economics and Business Studies CHUO KIKUU Morogoro Tanzania

Agroforestry and beekeeping are widely promoted as prospective Nature- Based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to improve livelihoods while at the same time enhancing biodiversity conservation in degrading agro-ecologies. These activities can diversify and increase famers’ incomes and support instinctive biota and fauna resilience. However, evidence to showcase and compare their long-term benefits is scant. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania to evaluate and compare viability of agroforestry and beekeeping projects using the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The results of analysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher than 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. Overall, the comparison of economic viability between agroforestry and beekeeping projects revealed that the former was relatively more profitable than the later in terms of both the NPV and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) criteria. However, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for beekeeping was slightly higher than that of agroforestry. Yet, we underscore the fact that these two projects can jointly be implemented to enhance livelihoods of farmers and support biodiversity conservation in the study

关键词： Uluguru Mountains Uluguru Forestry Reserve cost benefit analysis Net Present Values benefit cost Ratios Nature-Based Income Generating Activities

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A New Criteria to Apply Weight-Dependent CATSthr to cost-benefit analysis within the Framework of IMO EnvironmentaI-FSA Studies

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Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 2011年第1期1卷 65-76页

作者： Y. Yamada F. Kaneko Structural Engineering Department National Maritime Research Institute Tokyo 1810004 Japan

The purpose of this paper is to investigate reasonable cost benefit criteria within the framework of environmental formal safety assessment （FSA）. In this study a statistical analysis of oil spill data was carried out based on the report of International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds. According to the statistical study of actual oil spill from tankers, it is found that collisions and groundings are the most probable causes of the oil spills from tankers. Probability distributions of costs of oil spill and oil spill amount are investigated, and a non-linear regression formula between costs of oil spills and oil spill weight are derived. Using the regression formula, an oil spill weight dependent CATStm （cost of Averting a Ton of oil Spilt） is proposed. Moreover in order to apply the weight dependent CATSthr to cost benefit analysis （CBA）, a new cost-effective criterion is newly proposed with considering its concrete application to environmental FSA.

关键词： cost of oil spill formal safety assessment cost benefit analysis CAF CATS.

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Environmental rehabilitation of damaged land

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Forest Ecosystems 2020年第2期7卷 247-262页

作者： Mike Mentis Postnet 540 Bag X9Benmore 2010South Africa

Background:Much land is subject to damage by construction,development and exploitation with consequent loss of environmental function and *** might the loss be recovered?Results:This article develops principles of environmental *** issues include the *** means restoring the previous *** or not to restore is not a technical but a value *** is subject to adopting the sustainability *** the ethic is followed under rule of law then rehabilitation must be done always to’the high standard’which means handing down unimpaired environmental function and no extra land *** elements of the former condition that it is intended to restore must be *** these in any given case is the purpose of that rehabilitation *** specified restoration elements must be easily measurable with a few simple powerful *** land damage is not fixable so restraint must be exercised in what construction,development and exploitation are *** sustainability is adopted then cost benefit analysis is not a valid form of project appraisal because trading off present benefits against future losses relies on subjectively decided discount rates,and because natural capital is hard to price,indispensable,irreplaceable and *** often to be restored include agricultural land capability,landscape form and environmental *** capability is a widely used convention and,with landscape form,encapsulate many key land factors,and are easily *** soil and thereby environmental function provides the necessary base for an ecological ***:The need for rehabilitation is not to be justified by cost-benefit or scientific and technological proof,but rests on a value judgement to sustain natural capital for present and future *** on what activities and projects to permit should be based on what is physically and financially fixable o

关键词： cost benefit analysis Environmental function Land capability Landscape form Natural capital Rehabilitation Restoration Sustainability

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Detailed Study on Optical Fiber to the Home(FTTH)

Detailed Study on Optical Fiber to the Home(FTTH)

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作者： Taleb Maouloud Makhtour 山东科技大学

学位级别：硕士

Around the world, telecom providers are transforming their networks to deliver next-generation services. In their future networks, fiber optic wires, rather than copper,will run all the way to customers' homes and businesses. Most of them have already started building these fiber optic connections - called fiber to the home (FTTH)-because they know that only FTTH can meet the exploding demand for broadband services. Consumers who subscribe to FTTH consistently rate it as the fastest and most reliable broadband technology. They also appreciate that fiber networks can deliver many unique broadband services for medicine, education, home-based businesses, home automation and entertainment. Over the last few years, businesses have made a massive shift to "cloud services." For economic efficiency,their critical systems now operate at huge remote data centers rather than on-site computers. The speed, reliability and security of fiber connections make cloud services ***, fiber connections are available to more than 200 million homes globally - a tenth of all the households in the world - and worldwide, an estimated 107 million households subscribe to fiber-based services, including voice,video, data and *** the United States,one of every five households is within reach of fiber,and nearly 10 million households are using FTTH services now. These numbers continue to grow rapidly. China alone expects to have fiber broadband available to 200 million households by 2015 and to 300 million by 2020. It expects to have 70 million FTTH subscribers by the end of 2015, with gigabit speeds available in some of the larger cities. Other nations are also embarking on aggressive FTTH *** first time fiber delivered a signal directly to a home (in Hunter's Creek, Fla.)was more than 25 years ago. Today, more than 200 million homes worldwide have fiber connections available, and more than 100 million homes are connected to *** paper presents a step by step the des

关键词： project management fiber to the home the whole process management cost benefit analysis

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The Bruce Highway Action Plan Program Evaluation

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2015年第3期9卷 350-367页

作者： Wayne Mark Davies Department of Transport and Main Roads Queensland Government Queensland 451 O A ustralia

The BHAP （Bruce Highway Action Plan） Program Evaluation was a momentous task conducted in most part by the TMR （Transport and Main Roads） CBA （cost benefit analysis） team. The evaluation included 189 overtaking lanes, 404 km of road widening and shoulder sealing in various places between Brisbane and Cairns, 56 capacity focused projects and 16 flood immunity focused projects. The total projected capital costs of all projects proposed as part of the BHAP amounted to over 16 billion dollars. The program evaluation conducted, due to the short timeframes, lack of available data and strategic nature of the plan, has been ＂coined＂ a strategic evaluation. This paper focuses on the methodology applied to the projects proposed in the BHAP. A TMR designed project/program evaluation model （CARP （Concise analysis of Road Programs） V1.0） was used to evaluate the majority of the proposed BHAP projects. The model produces streams of discounted benefits and costs of the projects and program using limited and incomplete data. The large scale of work and the close proximity of projects allowed for an integrated approach to the analysis, which considered the impact projects have on each other. The result of the program, if all evaluated projects are included, is a BCR （benefit cost ratio） of approximately 0.7l at a discount rate of 7%. If the less viable projects are removed from the program, the program can obtain a benefit cost ratio of greater than 1 with a sufficiently large number of projects remaining.

关键词： Program evaluation cost benefit analysis Bruce Highway.

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Advanced Methods of Evaluating benefits from Improved Flood Immunity in Queensland

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第8期7卷 973-991页

作者： Wayne Davies Department of Transport and Main Roads Queensland 4000 Australia

The regular occurrence and the high costs of flooding to both road agencies and communities is a strong impetus to investigate the methodologies applied to evaluating flood immunity road projects. Very little literature exists on methods of evaluating the benefits of improving flood immunity through better road infrastructure. This paper attempts to address some of the numerous issues hindering the accurate evaluation of flood immunity road projects. The methodologies presented in this paper are designed to evaluate benefits that are not normally included or not fully considered in evaluations; such benefits include reduced flood related road accidents, costs of not travelling during the closure period and additional costs from unanticipated flood events. A key focus of the paper is the consideration of the evaluation of improved flood immunity from a network perspective rather than the typical approach of evaluating flood immunity projects in isolation to each other. The application of the proposed methodologies is demonstrated with a hypothetical example of a typical rural network subjected to regular flooding. The results of the analysis, conducted using the proposed methodologies, reveals that the currently applied methodologies account for less than half the likely value of benefits of a package of projects that will prevent the complete isolation of communities during serious flood events.

关键词： Flood immunity economic evaluation cost benefit analysis road closures.

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Long-Term Environmental Accounting on Civil Infrastructures in Developing Countries

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2012年第1期1卷 1-18页

作者： Shinya Inazumi Hiroyasu Ohtsu DepartmentofUrbanManagemen KyotoUniversityKyoto615854Japan

This paper proposes the environmental burden and benefit assessment method, which contributes to the evaluation of public works, by considering a quantitative environmental impact. The method developed is applied for the Bangkok subway construction project, so that the environmental impact following the Bangkok subway construction work is evaluated on the basis of environmental accounting. As a result, it was possible to quantify the burden and benefits to the environment in the life cycle of the Bangkok subway. In addition by converting the burden and benefits of the Bangkok subway construction project into monetary terms and introducing the Economic Internal Rate of Return （EIRR）, it was possible to evaluate the subway construction project from an economic point of view.

关键词： cost benefit analysis emission factor environmental cost infrastructure.

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Decision modelling for economic evaluation of liver transplantation

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World Journal of Hepatology 2018年第11期10卷 837-848页

作者： Zhi Qu Christian Krauth Volker Eric Amelung Alexander Kaltenborn Jill Gwiasda Lena Harries Jan Beneke Harald Schrem Sebastian Liersch Core Facility Quality Management and Health Technology Assessment in Transplantation Integrated Research and Treatment Facility Transplantation (IFB-Tx) Hannover Medical School Hannover 30625 Germany Institute for Epidemiology Social Medicine and Health Systems Research Hannover Medical School Hannover 30625 Germany Visceral and Transplant Surgery Hannover Medical School Hannover 30625 Germany

As the gap between a shortage of organs and the im-mense demand for liver grafts persists, every available donor liver needs to be optimized for utility, urgency and equity. To overcome this challenge, decision modelling might allow us to gather evidence from previous studies as well as compare the costs and consequences of alternative options. For public health policy and clinical intervention assessment, it is a potentially powerful tool. The most commonly used types of decision analytical models include decision trees, the Markov model, microsimulation, discrete event simulation and the system dynamic model. Analytic models could support decision makers in the field of liver transplantation when facing specifc problems by synthesizing evidence, comprising all relevant options, generalizing results to other contexts, extending the time horizon and exploring the uncertainty. For modeling studies of economic evaluation for transplantation, understanding the current nature of the disease is crucial, as well as the selection of appropriate modelling techniques. The quality and availability of data is another key element for the selection and development of decision analytical models. In addition, good practice guidelines should be complied, which is important for standardization and comparability between economic outputs.

关键词： cost benefit analysis Decision tree Liver transplantation Decision analysis Decision support models Resource allocation cost effectiveness

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