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Evaluation of the Heat,Entropy,and Rotational Changes Produced by Gravitational Segregation during core formation

Journal of Earth Science 2015年第1期26卷 124-133页

作者： Anne M.Hofmeister Robert E.Criss Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Washington University

core formation by gravitational segregation allegedly released sufficient interior heat to melt the Earth. Analysis of the energetics, which compare gravitational potential energy （Ug） of a fictitious, homogeneous reference state to Earth＇s current layered configuration, needs updating to correct errors and omissions, and to accommodate recent findings：（1） An erroneous positive sign was used for Ug while maintaining the reference value of 0 at infinity, which results in an incorrect sign fur AUg, which is crucial in determining whether a process is endothermic or exothermic. （2） The value of Ug for Earth＇s initial state is uncertain. （3） Recent meteorite evidence indicates that core formation began before the Earth was full-sized, which severely limits AUg. （4） Inhomogeneous accretion additionally reduced AUg. （5） The potentially large effect of differential rotation between the core and the mantle was not accounted for. （6） Entropy changes associated with creating order were neglected. Accordingly, we revise values of Ug, evaluate uncertainties, and show that AUg was converted substantially to eonfigurational energy （TAS）. These considerations limit the large sources of primordial heat to impacts and radioactivity. Although these processes may play a role in core formation, their energies are independent of gravitational segregation, which produces order and rotational energy, not internal heat. Instead, gravitational segregation promotes planetary cooling mainly because it segregates lithophilic radioactive elements upward, increasing surface heat flux while shortening the distance over which radiogenic heat diffuses outwards.

关键词： core formation primordial heat configurational energy thermodynamics rotational energy.

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Late veneer and the origins of volatiles of Earth

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Acta Geochimica 2022年第4期41卷 650-664页

作者： Chun-Hui Li International Research Center for Planetary Science College of Earth SciencesChengdu University of TechnologyChengduChina

Late veneer is an important paradigm in early Earth and planetary studies.It refers to the late addition of extraterrestrial materials to the Earth’s mantle after the core formation,which leads to the overabundances of highly siderophile elements in the primitive upper mantle.In this review,the origin,evolution,and expansion of the late veneer hypothesis are summarized,including some unresolved problems.I hope this review would be helpful for the new entrants to this field.

关键词： Highly siderophile elements Late veneer Chondrites Primitive mantle core formation Volatile elements

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