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Main controlling factor and mechanism of gas-in-place content of the Lower Cambrian shale from different sedimentary facies in the western Hubei area, South China

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1488-1507页

作者： Gang Li Xian-Ming Xiao Bo-Wei Cheng Chen-Gang Lu Yue Feng Dong-Sheng Li School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

The Lower Cambrian shale gas in the western Hubei area, South China has a great resource prospect, but the gas-in-place（GIP） content in different sedimentary facies varies widely, and the relevant mechanism has been not well understood. In the present study, two sets of the Lower Cambrian shale samples from the Wells YD4 and YD5 in the western Hubei area, representing the deep-water shelf facies and shallowwater platform facies, respectively, were investigated on the differences of pore types, pore structure and methane adsorption capacity between them, and the main controlling factor and mechanism of their methane adsorption capacities and GIP contents were discussed. The results show that the organic matter（OM） pores in the YD4 shale samples are dominant, while the inorganic mineral（IM） pores in the YD5 shale samples are primary, with underdeveloped OM pores. The pore specific surface area（SSA） and pore volume（PV） of the YD4 shale samples are mainly from micropores and mesopores, respectively,while those of the YD5 shale samples are mainly from micropores and macropores, respectively. The methane adsorption capacity of the YD4 shale samples is significantly higher than that of the YD5 shale samples, with a maximum absolute adsorption capacity of 3.13 cm3/g and 1.31 cm3/g in average,respectively. Compared with the shallow-water platform shale, the deep-water shelf shale has a higher TOC content, a better kerogen type and more developed OM pores, which is the main mechanism for its higher adsorption capacity. The GIP content models based on two samples with a similar TOC content selected respectively from the Wells YD4 and YD5 further indicate that the GIP content of the deep-water shelf shale is mainly 3 4 m3/t within a depth range of 1000—4000 m, with shale gas exploration and development potential, while the shallow-water platform shale has normally a GIP content of <1 m3/t,with little shale gas potential. Considering the geological and geochemical conditions of shale gas formation and preservation, the deep-w

关键词： Lower Cambrian shale Deep-water shelf facies Shallow-water platform facies Pore structure Methane adsorption Gas-in-place content controlling factor

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Space-Time Evolution and controlling factor of Fine-Grained Sediments in the Upper Fourth Member of Shahejie Formation, Dongying Depression

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第6期28卷 987-995页

作者： Guoqi Song Jing Wu Yong Wang Xuefeng Hao Geological Science Research Institute SINOPEC Shengli Oilfield Company Dongying 257000 China Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute of SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China SINOPEC Key Laboratory of Shale Gas/Oil Exploration & Production Beijing 100083 China

Fine-grained rocks（FGR） are the important source rocks and reservoirs of shale hydrocarbon which is the prospect hotspot at present. Widely distributed fine-grained sediments（FGS） of the upper fourth member of Shahejie Formation in Dongying depression are taken as an example to study the space-time evolution and controlling factor of FGS in this paper. Based on the analysis of well cores, thin sections, inorganic and organic geochemistry indicators, FGR are divided into 7 types of lithofacies. Through the study of ‘point-line-plane＇, this study shows that FGS has the characteristics of rhythum, diversity and succession. The first stage is characterized by clayey FGS（massive claystone）. The second stage is characterized by carbonate FGS（low-TOC laminated limestone） and dolomitic FGS（dolomitic-silty shale） formed by transgression. The third stage is characterized by organic-rich carbonate FGS（middle/high-TOC laminated limestone） distributed in cycle. The fourth stage is characterized by FGS mixed carbonate and siliciclastic sediments（calcareous-silty shale）. A variety of space-time evolution of FGS are controlled by multiple factors including tectonism, climate and lake conditions.

关键词： fine-grained sediments lithofacies space-time evolution controlling factor Dongying depression the upper fourth member of Shahejie Formation

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Crude oil cracking in deep reservoirs:A review of the controlling factors and estimation methods

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Petroleum Science 2023年第4期20卷 1978-1997页

作者： Yu Qi Chun-Fang Cai Peng Sun Dao-Wei Wang Hong-Jian Zhu Department of Petroleum Engineering School of Vehicle and EnergyYanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004HebeiChina Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Key Lab of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources of Ministry of Education Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina School of Energy Resource China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing100083China

The natural cracking of crude oils in deep reservoirs has gained great interest due to continuously increasing depth of petroleum exploration and exploitation.Complex oil compositions and surroundings as well as complicated geological evolutions make oil cracking in nature much more complex than industrial pyrolysis.So far,numerous studies,focused on this topic,have made considerable progress although there still exist some drawbacks.However,a comprehensive review on crude oil cracking is yet to be conducted.This article systematically reviews the controlling factors of oil cracking from six aspects,namely,oil compositions,temperature and time,pressure,water,minerals and solid organic matter.We compare previous experimental and modelling results and present new field cases.In the following,we evaluate the prevailing estimation methods for the extent of oil cracking,and elucidate other factors that may interfere with the application of these estimation methods.This review will be helpful for further investigations of crude oil cracking and provides a guide for estimation of the cracking extent of crude oils.

关键词： Oil cracking Deep reservoir controlling factor Gas to oil ratio Diamondoid

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Control of strike-slip faults on Sinian carbonate reservoirs in Anyue gas field, Sichuan Basin, SW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第6期50卷 1282-1294页

作者： HE Xiao TANG Qingsong WU Guanghui LI Fei TIAN Weizhen LUO Wenjun MA Bingshan SU Chen State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field Company Chengdu 610051China School of Geosciences and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China

The largest Precambrian gas field (Anyue gas field) in China has been discovered in the central Sichuan Basin. However, the deep ancient Ediacaran (Sinian) dolomite presents a substantial challenge due to their tightness and heterogeneity, rather than assumed large-area stratified reservoirs controlled by mound-shoal microfacies. This complicates the characterization of “sweet spot” reservoirs crucial for efficient gas exploitation. By analyzing compiled geological, geophysical and production data, this study investigates the impact of strike-slip fault on the development and distribution of high-quality “sweet spot” (fractured-vuggy) reservoirs in the Ediacaran dolomite of the Anyue gas field. The dolomite matrix reservoir exhibits low porosity (less than 4%) and low permeability (less than 0.5×10^(-3) μm^(2)). Contrarily, fractures and their dissolution processes along strike-slip fault zone significantly enhance matrix permeability by more than one order of magnitude and matrix porosity by more than one time. Widespread “sweet spot” fracture-vuggy reservoirs are found along the strike-slip fault zone, formed at the end of the Ediacaran. These fractured reservoirs are controlled by the coupling mechanisms of sedimentary microfacies, fracturing and karstification. Karstification prevails at the platform margin, while both fracturing and karstification control high-quality reservoirs in the intraplatform, resulting in reservoir diversity in terms of scale, assemblage and type. The architecture of the strike-slip fault zone governed the differential distribution of fracture zones and the fault-controlled “sweet spot” reservoirs, leading to wide fractured-vuggy reservoirs across the strike-slip fault zone. In conclusion, the intracratonic weak strike-slip fault can play a crucial role in improving tight carbonate reservoir, and the strike-slip fault-related “sweet spot” reservoir emerges as a unique and promising target for the efficient development of deep hydrocarbon resources. Tailored development strategies nee

关键词： pre-Cambrian strike-slip fault carbonate reservoir fracturing controlling factor Sichuan Basin

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factors controlling tight oil and gas reservoir development in the Jurassic siliciclastic-carbonate rocks in Sichuan Basin, China

Energy Geoscience

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Energy Geoscience 2022年第4期3卷 453-464页

作者： Runcheng Xie Ziwei Luo Mengyuan Zhang Yongfei Wang Jun Chen Miao Zhu School of Energy Resources Chengdu University of TechnologyChengduSichuan610059China Southwest Oil and Gas Company SINOPECChengduSichuan610041China

The prediction of“sweet spot”of multi-lithology composite tight oil and gas reservoirs within mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sequences is a hot topic in oil and gas exploration.There are mixed lacustrine carbonate-siliciclastic rocks in the Da'anzhai Member of Ziliujing Formation in the Eastern Slope of western Sichuan Depression.The reservoir lithology is complex,and the main factors controlling the development of high-quality reservoirs are yet to be known.Based on a large number of drilling,core and thin section observation,well log and seismic data,this paper systematically studies the characteristics and factors controlling the development of the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate reservoir.The results show that the reservoir is composed primarily of coquina,sandstone,breccia and shale in lithology,and its development is mainly controlled by sedimentary microfacies,diagenesis,tectonism(fracturing)and paleogeomorphology during the sedimentary period.The effective fractures in reservoirs of the low-energy shell shoal facies are well developed with relatively good physical properties.With the change of sedimentary microfacies from low-energy shoal to high-energy shoal to arenaceous shoal,the hy-drocarbon production capacity worsens step by step.Diagenesis,such as dissolution and fracturing,has a certain effect on reservoir physical properties.The palaeogeomorphic highs and slopes had well-developed fractures during the sedimentary period which are conducive to constructive dissolution,and thus they are favorable zones for reservoir development.The development of structural fractures further amplifies the influence of dissolution;thus the fracture zones are also favorable for the devel-opment of high-quality reservoirs.The favorable sedimentary facies zone and fracture development degree serve as the core factors for the formation of high-quality mixed reservoirs.The muddy limestone with certain dissolved pores and structural fractures deposited under the low-energy shell shoal setting is of relatively high-quality re

关键词： Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate reservoir controlling factor Sedimentary facies Sichuan Basin China

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Measurement of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide concentrations during autumn in Beijing, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第2期30卷 72-81页

作者： Qingyu Zhang Jiaoyu Liu Youjiang He Jiaying Yang Jian Gao Houfeng Liu Wei Tang Yizhen Chen Wenhao Fan Xuan Chen Fahe Chai Shiro Hatakeyama College of Environmental & Resource Sciences of Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Taizhou 317000 China College of Geography and Environment Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis Beijing 100089 China Institute of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo 183-8538 Japan

Gaseous peroxides play important roles in atmospheric chemistry. To understand the pathways of the formation and removal of peroxides, atmospheric peroxide concentrations and their controlling factors were measured from 7：00 to 20：00 in September, October, and November 2013 at a heavily trafficked residential site in Beijing, China, with average concentrations of hydrogen peroxide（H2O2） and methyl hydroperoxide（MHP） at 0.55 ppb and 0.063 ppb, respectively. H2O2 concentrations were higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning and evening, while MHP concentrations did not exhibit a regular diurnal pattern. Both H2O2 and MHP concentrations increased at dusk in most cases. Both peroxides displayed monthly variations with higher concentrations in September. These results suggested that photochemical activity was the main controlling factor on variations of H2O2 concentrations during the measurement period. Increasing concentrations of volatile organic compounds emitted by motor vehicles were important contributors to H2O2 and MHP enrichment. High levels of H2O2 and MHP concentrations which occurred during the measurement period probably resulted from the transport of a polluted air mass with high water vapor content passing over the Bohai Bay, China.

关键词： Peroxide Formation controlling factor Volatile organic compound Transport of polluted air mass

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Germanium in Magnetite:A Preliminary Review

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第2期91卷 711-726页

作者： MENG Yumiao HU Ruizhong HUANG Xiaowen GAO Jianfeng State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuiyang 550081China

Magnetite is a very common mineral in various types of iron deposits and some sulfide deposits. Recent studies have focused on the use of trace elements in magnetite to discriminate ore types or trace ore-forming process. Germanium is a disperse element in the crust, but sometimes is not rare in magnetite. Germanium in magnetite can be determined by laser ablation ICP-MS due to its low detection limit（0.0X ppm）. In this study, we summary the Ge data of magnetite from magmatic deposits, iron formations, skarn deposits, iron oxide copper-gold deposits, and igneous derived hydrothermal deposits. Magnetite from iron formations contains relatively high Ge（up to ~250 ppm）, whereas those from all other deposits mostly contains Ge less than 10 ppm, indicating that iron formations can be discriminated from other Fe deposits by Ge contents. Germanium in magmatic/hydrothermal magnetite is controlled by a few factors. Primary magma/fluid composition may be the major control of Ge in magnetite. Higher oxygen fugacity may be beneficial to Ge partition into magnetite. Sulfur fugacity and temperature may have little effect on Ge in magnetite. The enrichment mechanism of Ge in magnetite from iron formations remains unknown due to the complex ore genesis. Germanium along with other elements（Mn, Ni, Ga） and element ratios（Ge/Ga and Ge/Si raios） can distinguish different types of deposits, indicating that Ge can be used as a discriminate factor like Ti and V. Because of the availability of in situ analytical technique like laser ablation ICP-MS, in situ Ge/Si ratio of magnetite can serve as a geochemical tracer and may provide new constraints on the genesis of banded iron formations.

关键词： germanium magnetite controlling factor iron deposits discriminate factor

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Variation and mechanisms of clastic reservoir quality in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation of the Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

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Petroleum Science 2014年第2期11卷 200-210页

作者： Zhang Qin Zhu Xiaomin Ronald J Steel Zhong Dakang College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas at Austin

Reservoir quality varies greatly in the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag. It is essential to analyze the variation and mechanisms of reservoir quality for determining the controlling factors based on cores, porosity measurements and fluid inclusion techniques and so on. The sandstones in the fluvial, （fan） delta-front have the best reservoir quality due to the depositional conditions mechanically controlling the petrology configuration and the primary porosity, and chemically influencing the diagenesis and development of secondary pores. The activity of the boundary faults and the sedimentary facies dominate the variation of reservoir quality in different areas and intervals. The reservoir quality varies with the position of sandstone beds in different vertical models of sandstone and mudstone. This mainly arose from the strong cementation or strong dissolution in the sandstone caused by the diagenesis evolution of adjacent mudstone. With higher oil saturation reservoir quality is better because the hydrocarbon charge favors dissolution and restricts cementation. Diagenesis, depositional conditions and tectonic setting are the key controls of reservoir quality in the Shahejie Formation of the Dongying Sag.

关键词： Reservoir quality variation clastic reservoir quality hydrocarbon charge vertical models ofsandstone and mudstone controlling factor

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Reservoirs Patterns and Key controlling factors of the Lenghu Oil & Gas Field in the Qaidam Basin, Northwestern China

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第4期32卷 1011-1021页

作者： Wengang He Ehsan Barzgar Weiping Feng Liang Huang College of Engineering and Technology Zunyi Normal UniversityZunyi 563006China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100081China CNPC Logging International Beijing 102206China

The Lenghu area is one of the most crucial tectonic belts for oil and gas exploration in the Qaidam Basin.However,reservoir distribution and the factors controlling petroleum accumulation in this area have not been studied in detail.In this paper,the structural characteristics and controlling factors of oil and gas accumulation in the Lenghu belt are investigated based on seismic profiles combined with drilling logs and microphotographs data.Results indicate that the Lenghu belt has thick source rocks and has preserved hydrocarbon generation conditions.Moreover,structural characteristics and lithology are the key factors controlling the reservoir distribution.The production of oil and gas layers are mainly distributed in high structural points and weak stress zones.The fracture zones and the weak stress zones are the potential places for the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs.

关键词： Lenghu belt reservoir patterns controlling factor potential distribution zones

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The early-middle Miocene submarine fan system in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

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Petroleum Science 2012年第1期9卷 1-9页

作者： Wang Yongfeng Wang Yingmin Xu Qiang Li Dong Zhuo Haiteng Zhou Wei College of Geosciences China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting Beijing 102249China CNOOC Research Institute Beijing 100027China

Based on a large amount of seismic, drilling and core data, the characteristics of the early- middle Miocene submarine fans in the Baiyun Sag, northern South China Sea are investigated. By analyzing the sedimentary processes of submarine fans in SQ21 （SQ21 refers to the 3rd-order sequence with its bottom boundary 21 Ma）, a sedimentary model of the sand-rich fans is established and the main factors controlling fan deposition are detailed. The results indicate that from early to middle Miocene the Pearl River Mouth Basin developed seven 3rd-order sequences in all, with each lowstand systems tract （LST） of the sequence corresponding to submarine fans. However, only the fans in SQ13.8 and SQ21 are sand-rich fans, the others being mud-rich fans. The cores reveal that the submarine fans in the Pearl River Mouth Basin developed five lithofacies：（1） mud clast-bearing sandstone, interpreted as channel deposits; （2） typical turbidite sandstones, also interpreted as channel deposits; （3） thin-bedded sandstone and mudstone, interpreted as channel-levee complex deposits; （4） massive sandstones, interpreted as lobe deposits; （5） massive mudstone, interpreted as hemipelagic mud. The sand-rich submarine fans in the Pearl River Mouth Basin mainly developed in LST, and in LST reverse faults were active, which led to the formation of accommodation on the shelf. Different from the theory of classic sequence stratigraphy, the accommodation on the shelf captures terrigenous debris transported by the Pearl River, and the uplift at the edge of shelf serves as a ＂Linear Source＂ for the deep water area instead of the Pearl River. Therefore, the fans mainly derived from the eroded debris from the uplift. factors controlling fan deposition include the basin＇s tectonic framework, the evolution of the slope break, relative sea-level changes as well as the evolution of the fault system, and the fans are formed under the combination of the above factors.

关键词： Submarine fan lithofacies reverse fault sedimentary process controlling factor

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