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Development characteristics and controlling factors of fractures in lacustrine shale and their geological significance for evaluating shale oil sweet spots in the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 791-805页

作者： Xu Zeng Tao Yang Jian-Wei Feng Cong-Sheng Bian Ming Guan Wei Liu Bing-Cheng Guo Jin Dong Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development China National Petroleum CorporationBeijing100083China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China School of Earth Sciences China University of PetroleumQingdao266400ShandongChina

Natural fractures are critical for shale oil and gas enrichment and development. Due to the extremely high heterogeneity of shale, the factors controlling the formation of internal fractures, especially horizontal fractures, remain controversial. In this study, we integrate thin section analysis and microcomputed tomography(CT) data from several lacustrine shale samples from the third member(Es3) of the Shahejie Formation, Qikou Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, to assess the fractures in detail. The goal is to reveal the development characteristics, controlling factors, and geological significance for evaluating sweet spots in a shale oil play. The fractures in the Es3contain high-angle structural and horizontal bed-parallel fractures that are mostly shear and extensional. Various factors influence fracture development,including lithofacies, mineral composition, organic matter content, and the number of laminae. Structural fractures occur predominantly in siltstone, whereas bed-parallel fractures are abundant in laminated shale and layered mudstone. A higher quartz content results in higher shale brittleness, causing fractures, whereas the transformation between clay minerals contributes to the development of bedparallel fractures. Excess pore pressure due to hydrocarbon generation and expulsion during thermal advance can cause the formation of bed-parallel fractures. The density of the bed-parallel and structural fractures increases with the lamina density, and the bed-parallel fractures are more sensitive to the number of laminae. The fractures are critical storage spaces and flow conduits and are indicative of sweet spots. The laminated shale in the Es3with a high organic matter content contains natural fractures and is an organic-rich, liquid-rich, self-sourced shale play. Conversely, the siltstone, massive mudstone, and argillaceous carbonate lithofacies contain lower amounts of organic matter and do not have bed-parallel fractures. However, good reservoirs can form in th

关键词： Fractures Development characteristics controlling factors Shale oil Sweet spot

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Hydrochemical Characterization,controlling factors and Water Quality of Surface Water in Shandong Province,North China

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第1期35卷 155-166页

作者： Ran An Jiutan Liu Zongjun Gao Changsuo Li Yuming Peng School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology&Mineral ResourcesJinan 250014China Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology&Mineral ResourcesJinan 250014China Shandong Engineering Research Center for Groundwater Environmental Protection and Remediation Jinan 250014China

In this study,90 surface water samples were collected from Shandong Province(SDP)in the dry and wet seasons and analyzed using statistical analysis,hydrochemical methods and water quality index(WQI).The content of main ions showed seasonal variations,with a higher average value in the dry season than in the wet *** points exhibiting high contents of the main chemical components were mainly distributed in areas southwest of SDP,north of Weifang,and around *** saturation index of carbonate minerals was greater than zero,while that of evaporite minerals was less than *** hydrochemical characteristics of surface water are mainly dominated by rock weathering as well as cation *** addition,surface water in SDP has significantly been affected by anthropogenic *** of the surface water could be classified as weakly alkaline soft-fresh water,with the hydrochemical types of SO_(4)·Cl-Ca·Mg and SO_(4)·*** terms of WQI,47.88% and 37.88% of the water samples in SDP were classified as poor water in the dry and wet seasons,*** the whole,the water quality is higher in the wet season than in the dry season,and surface water in SDP is generally suitable for agricultural irrigation.

关键词： surface water hydrochemical characteristics controlling factors water quality Shandong Province

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controlling factors for gas hydrate occurrence in Shenhu area on the northern slope of the South China Sea

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Science China Earth Sciences 2013年第4期56卷 513-520页

作者： WANG HongBin YANG ShengXiong WU NengYou ZHANG GuangXue LIANG JinQiang CHEN DuoFu Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources of Ministry of Land and Resources Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey Guangzhou Research Center for Gas Hydrate Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion of Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory Marginal Sea Geology Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Temperature and pressure on seafloor of the northern slope in the South China Sea are suitable for gas hydrate formation, but bottom simulation reflector (BSR), an indication of gas hydrate occurrence, only occurred in limited areas of the slope. Drillings in the BSR-distributed area (the District S) on the northern slope of the South China Sea suggested that gas hydrate only occurred at Sites SH2, SH3, and SH7 with high saturation (up to 20%-40%), and there is no hydrate at Sites SH1 and SH5 although the distance between SH1 to SH3 is only 500m. In this paper, we investigated seafloor gradient, fault development, temperature, and pressure in the District S on the northern slope of the South China Sea to understand the possible factors con- trolling BSR distribution and gas hydrate occurrence. The District S is a structurally fractured continental slope zone and its seafloor gradient varied greatly. The BSR-occurred areas have an average gradient of 19.89×10 2 whereas the BSR-free zone has the average gradient of 10.57×10 2 . The calculated relative structural intensities from fault densities and displacements show that the BSR-distributed areas tend to occur in the areas with a moderately high structural intensity, where faults frequently developed close to the seafloor that are possibly favored for lateral migration of gases. On the basis of temperatures and pressures at drilling sites, hydrate-occurred Sites SH2, SH3, and SH7 are located within the thermodynamically stable area for methane hydrate, and hydrate-absent Sites SH1 and SH5 are out of the thermodynamically stable area for methane hydrate formation, suggesting that both BSR and the thermodynamic stability are necessary for hydrate occurrence in the subsurface.

关键词： controlling factors BSR distribution gas hydrate occurrence seafloor gradient structural intensity T-P condition

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controlling factors of Organic Nanopore Development: A Case Study on Marine Shale in the Middle and Upper Yangtze Region, South China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第4期93卷 1047-1059页

作者： LIANG Feng ZHANG Qin CUI Huiying MENG Qingqiang MA Chao LIANG Pingping GUO Wei PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083China National Energy Shale Gas R&D Experimental Centre Langfang 065007HebeiChina School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Seidment-Tectonic and Reservoir Laboratory PEPRISBeijing 100083China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Mineral Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590ShandongChina

The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi and the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi shales are the major targets for shale gas exploration and development in *** the two organic-rich shales share similar distribution ranges and thicknesses,they exhibit substantially different exploration and development *** work analyzed the nanopore structures of the shale reservoirs in this *** development of 51 shale samples collected from various formations and locations was compared using the petromineralogical,geochemical,structural geological and reservoir geological *** results indicate that the reservoir space in these shales is dominated by organic pores and the total pore volume of micropores,mesopores,macropores in different tectonic areas and formations show different trends with the increase of *** is suggested that organic pores of shale can be well preserved in areas with simple structure and suitable preservation conditions,and the shale with smaller maximum ancient burial depth and later hydrocarbongeneration-end-time is also more conducive to pore *** pore evolution models are established,and they are as follows:①Organic matter pore development stage,②Early stage of organic matter pore destruction,and③late stage of organic matter pore *** areas conducive to pore development are favorable for shale gas *** results can effectively guide the optimization and evaluation of favorable areas of shale gas.

关键词： marine shale organic matter pores controlling factors pore evolution middle-upper Yangtze regions South China

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controlling factors and Accumulation Model of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation, Koulele Area, Termit Basin, Niger

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第6期28卷 1126-1134页

作者： Xuying Wang Lunkun Wan Zaixing Jiang Ruohan Liu Xiabin Wang Wangxin Tang Yi Gao Shengqian Liu Wenmao Xu School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences School of Civil Engineering Tangshan College Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina

Based on the sedimentary and tectonic background of the Termit Basin, this paper focuses on the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation and uses organic geochemistry, logging, oil testing and seismic data to analyze the primary control factors of the hydrocarbon accumulation and establish corresponding model in order to predict favorable exploration target zones of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study demonstrates that the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation is a self-generation and self-accumulation type reservoir. The Yogou Formation hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Koulele area are controlled by four factors：（1） the source rock is controlled by a wide range of YS1-YS2 marine shale,（2） the sandstone reservoir is controlled by the YS3 underwater distributary channel and storm dunes,（3） migration of hydrocarbons is controlled by faults and the regional monocline structure, and（4） the accumulation of hydrocarbons is controlled by lateral seal. The structures in the western Koulele area are primarily reverse fault-blocks with large throws, and the structures in the east are dominantly fault-blocks with small throws（co-rotating and reverse） and a fault-nose. In the western Koulele area, where the facies are dominated by storm dunes on a larger scale, it is easier to form lithologic reservoirs of sandstone lens. In the eastern Koulele area, high-quality channel sandstone reservoirs, fault-blocks with small throws, and the monocline structure benefit for the formation of updip pinch out lithologic traps, fault lithologic reservoirs and fault-nose structural reservoirs. Future exploration targets should be focused in the western storm dunes zone and eastern distributary channel sand zone with small fault-blocks.

关键词： hydrocarbon reservoirs controlling factors accumulation model Koulele area Yogou Formation

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Climate evolution of southwest Australia in the Miocene and its main controlling factors

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Science China Earth Sciences 2022年第6期65卷 1104-1115页

作者： Tianqi SUN Zhaokai XU Fengming CHANG Tiegang LI Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Geology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266061China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi’an 710061China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Metallogeny First Institute of OceanographyMNRQingdao 266061China

At present, the seasonal melting and expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet affect the location and intensification of the westerlies, as well as the precipitation and continental weathering and erosion in southwest Australia. The Miocene was an important period when the Earth's climate state transitioned from a warmhouse to an icehouse and the East Antarctic Ice Sheet underwent large-scale melting and expansion. At that time, Australia was closer to the Antarctic region than it is now. This makes Australia an ideal target area for studying the coupling relationship among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the siliciclastic mass accumulation rate, grain size, clay minerals, and elemental composition of the sediments at Site U1516 of the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 369, we reconstructed the Miocene climate evolution and the continental weathering and erosion history of southwest Australia on a tectonic time scale. Our indicators show that the climate was dry and that continental weathering and erosion were weak, with a small amount of terrestrial material transported to the ocean during the Early to Middle Miocene(22–12.7 Ma). However, as mentioned in previous studies of nearby sites, precipitation and river runoff increased prominently with enhanced continental weathering at 12.7–8 Ma, which was related to the northward migration or intensification of the westerlies, possibly due to increased sea ice in the Southern Ocean. In addition, we found that the evolution of the South Asian monsoon and the westerly belt were synchronized in the Miocene, which indicates that the South Asian monsoon system at that time may also have been affected by the high-latitude signals of the Southern Hemisphere. We speculate that the significant decrease in deep-sea temperature and the expansion of the surface sea temperature gradient in latitude and longitude until the permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet fo

关键词： Miocene Southwest Australia Climate evolution controlling factors International ocean discovery program

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Air-sea carbon fluxes and their controlling factors in the Prydz Bay in the Antarctic

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2008年第3期27卷 136-146页

作者： GAO Zhongyong CHEN Liqi GAO Yuan Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration Third Institute of Ocea- nography State Oceanic Administration Xiamen 361005 China Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Xiamen 361005 China Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration Beijing 100860 China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Rutgers University Newark NJ USA

The Prydz Bay in the Antarctic is an important area in the Southern Ocean due to its unique geographic feature. It plays an important role in the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean. To investigate the distributions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and surface seawater and its air-sea exchange rates in this region, the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） had set up several sections in the Prydz Bay. Here we present the results from the CHINARE-XVI cruises were presented onboard R/V Xue/ong from November 1999 to April 2000 and the main driving forces were discussed controlling the distributions of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. According to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide distributions, the Prydz Bay can be divided into the inside and outside regions. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide was low in the inside region but higher in the outside region during the measurement period. This distribution had a good negative correlation with the concentrations of ehlorophyll-a in general, suggesting that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was substantially affected by biological production. The results also indicate that the biological produetion is most likely the main driving force in the marginal ice zone in the Southern Ocean in summer. However, in the Antarctic divergence sector of the Prydz Bay （about 64°S）, the hydrological processes become the controlling factor as the sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide is much higher than the atmospheric one due to the upwelling of the high DIC CDW, and this made the outside of Prydz Bay a source of carbon dioxide. On the basis of the calculations, the CO2 flux in January （austral summer） was -3.23 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the inner part of Prydz Bay, i.e. , a sink of atmospheric CO2, and was 0.62 mmol/（m^2 · d） in the outside part of the bay, a weak source of atmospheric CO2. The average air-sea flux of CO2 in the Prydz Bay was 2.50 mmol/（m^2 · d）.

关键词： Prydz Bay carbon flux carbon dioxide controlling factors

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Reservoir Characteristics and controlling factors of Silurian Lower Kepingtage Formation in Tahe Area, Tarim Basin, NW China

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第6期28卷 1135-1144页

作者： Ruohan Liu Zaixing Jiang Ming Wang Weili Yang Jingxiang Guo Minghao Wu Yi Gao Shanyazi Wei Zhihong Nie Hong He School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Institute of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China Geophysical-China Oilfield Services Limited Tianjin 300451 China PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited Beijing 100028 China

With the breakthrough of exploration in Well TP16-1, the lower Kepingtage Formation becomes a key target for petroleum exploration of deep clastic reservoir in Tahe area. In this paper we focused on the research of the reservoir characteristics and its controlling factors in two sub-member formations（S1k11 and S1k13）. Based on X-ray diffraction, conventional physical properties data（porosity and permeability） and reservoir storage space data（casting thin section and scanning electron microscope）, we determined that the S1k1 Formation belongs to extra-low porosity and permeability reservoir, although the upper S1k13 Formation shows relative better physical characteristic than the lower S1k11 Formation. The development of storage space in the study area is controlled by sedimentary microfacies, diagenesis process. Reservoirs in S1k1 Formation are mainly located in channel（S1k11 sandstones） and sand flat（S1k13 sandstones）. The sand flat sediments with a more coarse grain size compared with the channel. In diagenesis, compaction is the major controlling factor for reducing the porosity, followed by cementation. Dissolution of diagenesis is the major controlling factor in enhancing the reservoir porosities. Compared with channel（S1k11） sandstones, sand flat sandstones（S1k13） have better reservoir quality for its weaker compaction, cementation and stronger dissolution. On the basis of sedimentary characteristics（grain size and subfacies）, physical property（porosity and permeability） and reservoir storage space, we divide the S1k1 reservoir into three categories（I, II and III）. Type I reservoir is high quality reservoir. It is mainly distributed in the south area of S1k11 and S1k13 reservoir. Type II is moderate reservoir. It is located in the middle of S1k11 reservoir and in the north of S1k13 reservoir. Type III is the poor reservoir. It is only located in the north of S1k11 reservoir.

关键词： reservoir characteristics controlling factors reservoir assessment lower Kepingtage Formation Tahe area Tarim Basin

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Geochemical characteristics, genetic types, and controlling factors of natural gas in Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin (eastern China)

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2022年第3期16卷 601-622页

作者： Tianchen GE Xiangchun CHANG Yuan ZHUANG Xiaojun LI College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China School of Ocean and Earth Science Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute Shengli Oilfield Company of SINOPECDongying 257015China

The Jiyang Depression is an important oil and gas production zone in the Bohai Bay *** a systematic investigation of the gas components and stable carbon isotopes,the genetic types of natural gas found in the Jiyang Depression were determined,that is,biogas,oilassociated gas,coal-derived gas,high-mature oil-related gas,and mantle-derived carbon dioxide(CO_(2)).From the results,natural gas in the Jiyang Depression can be divided into four *** I,which is distributed in the northwest area,is the only typical oil-associated *** II,distributed in the northeast area,is dominated by oil-associated gas,and involves biogas,coal-derived gas,and high-mature oil-related *** Ⅲ,distributed in the southeast area,has all genetic types of gas that are dominated by oil-associated gas and have mantle-derived CO_(2).Group IV,distributed in the southwest area,is dominated by biogas and involves coal-derived gas and oil-associated *** differences in each group illustrate the lateral distribution of the natural gas types is characterized by the eastern and southern areas being more complex than the western and northern areas,the vertical distribution of gas reservoirs has no obvious evolutionary *** main controlling factor analysis of the spatiotemporal changes of the gas reservoirs revealed that the synergy of geochemical characteristics,thermal evolution of the Shahejie Formation and Carboniferous-Permian source rocks,and sealing properties of various faults are jointly responsible for determining the gas reservoir spatiotemporal changes.

关键词： natural gas genetic types geochemical characteristics distribution law controlling factors Jiyang Depression

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Distribution Characteristics and controlling factors of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from the Bay-Island-Estuary System(BIES):A Case Study in Coastal Waters of Fujian Province,China

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中国海洋大学学报:英文版 2023年第5期22卷 1253-1268页

作者： LIU Bo HU Rijun WANG Yonghong LI Yi ZHU Longhai ZHANG Xiaodong YUAN Xiaodong College of Marine Geosciences Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of EducationOcean University of ChinaQingdao 26610China Huaneng Xiapu Nuclear Power Co.Ltd. Ningde 352000China

Based on the contents of six heavy metal elements in surface sediments from coastal areas of Fujian Province,the distribution characteristics and controlling factors of six heavy metals in a bay-island-estuary system(BIES)were *** paper focuses on the influence of the hydrodynamic environment,and systematically discusses how grain size compositions,chemical environment,tidal current,ocean circulation and human activities influence the distribution and transportation of the heavy *** results indicated that the distribution and migration of Cu,Pb,Zn and Cr elements were mainly controlled by natural factors such as regional geological background,grain size compositions,and tidal residual *** contrast,As and Hg was mainly affected by human factors such as agriculture and industrial *** the BIES,where the chemical environment exerted limited influence,the accumulation and migration of heavy metals are mainly influenced by human activities and enhanced by estuary processes as well as the complex sedimentary dynamic environment caused by many bays and islands.

关键词： heavy metals sediments source to sink controlling factors hydrodynamic environment

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