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The heart rate - breathing rate relationship in aquatic mammals： A comparative analysis with terrestrial species

Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 569-577页

作者： Jacopo P. MORTOLA Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal QC Canada H3G 1Y6

Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals, while resting at the water surface or ashore, breathe with a low frequency （f） by comparison to terrestrial mammals of the same body size, the difference increasing the larger the species. Among various interpretations, it was suggested that the low-f breathing is a consequence of the end-inspiratory breath-holding pattern adopted by aquatic mammals to favour buoyancy at the water surface, and evolved to be part of the genetic makeup. If this interpretation was correct it could be expected that, differently from f, the heart rate （HR, beats/min） of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals at rest would not need to differ from that of terrestrial mammals and that their HR-fratio would be higher than in terrestrial species. Literature data for HR （beats/min） in mammals at rest were gathered for 56 terrestrial and 27 aquatic species. In aquatic mammals the allometric curve （HR=191 .M^18; M= body mass, kg） did not differ from that of terrestrial species （HR=212.M^-0.22） and their HR-fratio （on average 32±5） was much higher than in terrestrial species （5±1）（P〈0.0001）. The comparison of these HR allometric curves to those forfpreviously published indicated that the HR-fratio was body size-independent in terrestrial species while it increased significantly with M in aquatic species. The similarity in HR and differences in f between aquatic and terrestrial mammals agree with the possibility that the lowfof aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals may have evolved for a non-respiratory function, namely the regulation of buoyancy at the water surface [Current Zoology 61（4）： 569-577, 2015].

关键词： Allometry breathing pattern control of breathing Diving Cardio-respiratory coupling

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Respiratory neuroplasticity following carotid body denervation Central and peripheral adaptations

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Neural Regeneration Research 2012年第14期7卷 1073-1079页

作者： Matthew R. Hodges Hubert V. Forster Department of Physiology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53226 USA Neuroscience Research Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI 53226 USA Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center Milwaukee WI 53226 USA

Historically, the role of the carotid bodies in ventilatory control has been understated, but the current view suggests that the carotid bodies （1） provide a tonic, facilitory input to the respiratory network, （2） serve as the major site of peripheral 02 chemoreception and minor contributor to CO2/H＋ chemoreception, and （3） are required for ventilatory adaptation to high altitude. Each of these roles has been demonstrated in studies of ventilation in mammals after carotid body denervation. Following carotid body denervation, many of the compromised ventilatory ＂functions＂ show a time-dependent recovery plasticity that varies in the degree of recovery and time required for recovery. Respiratory plasticity following carotid body denervation is also dependent on species, with contributions from peripheral and central sites/mechanisms driving the respiratory plasticity. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the data pointing to peripheral and central mechanisms of plasticity following carotid body denervation. We speculate that after carotid body denervation there are altered excitatory and/or inhibitory neuromodulator mechanisms that contribute to the initial respiratory depression and the subsequent respiratory plasticity, and further suggest that the continued exploration of central effects of carotid body denervation might provide useful information regarding the capacity of the respiratory network for plasticity following neurologic injury in humans.

关键词： control of breathing chemoreception, carotid body denervation ventilation plasticity

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