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Statistical Analytical Study of the Impact of consumer Awareness Among the Students of the Faculty of Business Administration at the University of Kuwait in consumer protection and Its Relationship to Some Economic and Social Characteristics

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Journal of Mathematics and System Science 2015年第6期5卷 232-251页

作者： Basel M. A1-Eideh College of Business Administration Kuwait University Kuwait.

Kuwaiti youth is an importam element in the field of development in the Kuwaiti society, especially in the field of self- consciousness and social consciousness incident. As always said, that young Gulf inherently consumerist element of first degree because of abundant liquidity and reasonable level of income compared to others of non - Gulf societies. Therefore, this research aims to study and analyze the impact of consumer awareness among the students of the Faculty of Business Administration in consumer protection in terms of the current role and hoped to guide consumption and its relationship to some economic and social characteristics of the consumers. In particular it has been studying the impact of some of the qualifications for heads of Kuwaiti families, their total monthly income and their place of residency inhabited by the expressive factors of consumer awareness in college students as well as their impact on the degree of preference for quality of consumer goods in being a low-price, median-price or expensive-price. In addition, it has been studying the relationship of these social variables noted with the role of government and consumer protection associations through what they are doing to develop laws and policies directed to develop and educate consumers. To achieve these goals, a special questionnaire has been prepared especially for this purpose has been met from a random sample of students from the University of Kuwait. I have been using the appropriate statistical analysis to study these goals. Thus, some of the appropriate suggestions and recommendations are obtained to achieve the objectives of this research.

关键词： Statistical analysis consumer awareness consumer protection quality of consumer goods economic and socialcharacteristics.

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阿什沃斯核心原则评析

刑事法学 2011年第12期 45-50页

作者：杨松才

对于犯罪的定义、犯罪构成、归责原则等刑法上的重大问题，英国长期以来没有一个统一的标准。当刑法上的这些问题与消费者保护发生联系时，情形变得尤为复杂。如何在理论上对犯罪的原则进行界定并在实践中加以运用，阿什沃斯提出了刑法... 详细信息

对于犯罪的定义、犯罪构成、归责原则等刑法上的重大问题，英国长期以来没有一个统一的标准。当刑法上的这些问题与消费者保护发生联系时，情形变得尤为复杂。如何在理论上对犯罪的原则进行界定并在实践中加以运用，阿什沃斯提出了刑法的四项基本原则。这些原则包括刑法适用的对象、执行刑法所应遵循的原则、对犯罪嫌疑人和被告人的法律保护以及罪刑相适应等多个方面。其思想对于英国当代的刑事立法、刑事司法和执法都具有重要影响。文章试图通过对这些原则的具体内容、历史背景以及英国学术界围绕这些原则所展开的争议、讨论进行分析，以期对我国刑法的改革与发展有所启迪，同时结合这些原则在英国消费者保护中的应用，为完善我国的消费者保护制度提供借鉴。

关键词：刑法阿什沃斯原则消费者保护 Criminal Law principles consumer protection Ashworth

Private Sector Ombudsman and Strengthening consumers＇ Access to Justice： The Experience From Yogyakarta

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Sociology Study 2012年第8期2卷 569-590页

作者： Johanes Widijantoro University ofAtma Jaya Yogyakarta Indonesia

After the monetary and political crisis of 1997 and 1998, Indonesia has been viewed by some observers as having entered into a transitional phase from authoritarian rule by a strong state toward a new democratic system of government in which civil societies will play a more prominent role. Democratization process is also accompanied by the rise of a strong civil society, which would together result in more efficient and transparent governments at local levels. This article aims to show the dynamic of democratization process in Indonesia, in which civil societies such as business actors, NGOs （non-government organizations）, journalists, scientists, business associations, consumer organizations, etc., play a more apparent role. Focused on the establishment of Private Sector Ombudsman （Lembaga Ombudsman Swasta--LOS） and also its role and responsibility, the author examines how LOS has become an alternative option for consumers to strengthen access to justice. In the last three years, LOS has succeeded in handling more than 200 cases and some of them have been the hottest issues. On the one hand, the emergence of LOS shows that civil society in Yogyakarta has played a significant role in implementing business ethics and good governance principles, and on the other hand, LOS has been proven to be the answer for consumers＇ needs in which consumers＇ complaints settled quickly, informal, and free of charge.

关键词： Private Sector Ombudsman (Lembaga Ombudsman Swasta--LOS) consumer protection access to justice

Digital assets rights management through smart legal contracts and smart contracts

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Blockchain(Research and Applications) 2023年第3期4卷 64-73页

作者： Enrico Ferro Marco Saltarella Domenico Rotondi Marco Giovanelli Giacomo Corrias Roberto Moncada Andrea Cavallaro Alfredo Favenza Links Foundation 10138 TurinItaly FINCONS SpA 70132 BariItaly freelance consultant FINCONS GROUP AG Lugano6900 Switzerland

Intellectual property rights(IPR)management needs to evolve in a digital world where not only companies but also many independent content creators contribute to our culture with their art,music,and *** this respect,blockchain has recently emerged as a promising infrastructure,providing a trustworthy and immutable environment through the use of smart contracts,which may enable more agile management of digital rights and streamline royalty ***,no widespread consensus has been reached on the ability of this technology to adequately manage and transfer *** paper presents an innovative approach to digital rights management developed within the scope of an international research endeavour co-financed by the European Commission named *** approach proposes the combined usage of smart legal contracts and blockchain smart contracts to take care of the legally binding contractual aspects of IPR and,at the same time,the need for notarization,rights transfer,and royalty *** work being conducted represents a contribution to advancing the current literature on IPR management that may lead to an improved and fairer monetization process for content creators as a means of individual empowerment.

关键词： Blockchain consumer protection Contract law Copyright protection Intellectual property Intellectual property rights(IPR) Non-fungible token(NFT) Smart legal contract Smart contract Tokenomics

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个人信息私法保护的困境与出路

民商法学 2019年第2期 194-206页

作者：丁晓东

关于个人信息法律保护的研究，当前的主流观点采个体主义的立场，将个人信息视为私权的客体，以域外经验为证，认为私法可以有效保护公民的相关隐私权益。实际上，域外的相关法律并未承认个人信息权有对抗不特定第三人的效力；在现代信... 详细信息

关于个人信息法律保护的研究，当前的主流观点采个体主义的立场，将个人信息视为私权的客体，以域外经验为证，认为私法可以有效保护公民的相关隐私权益。实际上，域外的相关法律并未承认个人信息权有对抗不特定第三人的效力；在现代信息社会中，以私法保护公民的隐私权益也常遇到困难。对隐私权益必须进行场景化的理解，个人信息流通具有公共性价值。法律保护个人信息的目的在于防范相关风险，促进个人信息在具体场景中的合理流通。宜通过“消费者法化”，重新激发个人信息私法保护的活力；同时，采取公法框架进行风险规制，保护个人信息。

关键词：隐私权益个人信息私法保护消费者保护风险规制 privacy personal information civil law protection consumer protection risk regulation

On the Dilemma and Solutions of the No-Reading Problem in Digital Standard Form consumer Contracts

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Psychology Research 2022年第8期12卷 640-642页

作者： WEI Zhuoyan Shanghai Starriver Bilingual School ShanghaiChina

The problem that consumers often fail to read the standard form contracts they willingly enter into has been recognized by many *** is a pressing issue because it may result in the consumers being disadvantaged in *** laws have already been put in place to protect consumers,but the protection is often *** essay assesses how the current solutions are carried out and investigates whether new methods can be put in *** argues that the key to dealing with the no-reading phenomenon is to make contracts more accessible to consumers so that they can be more inclined to guard their own interests.

关键词： no-reading problem consumer protection standard form contracts

美国产品责任法中的市场份额责任规则及其启示

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经济法学、劳动法学 2019年第3期

作者：李俊刘梦云

在产品侵权案件中，当某种缺陷产品造成损害而市场上存在多个制造该缺陷产品的生产者时，如果受害人无法举证该致害产品到底来自哪一个生产者，根据传统侵权法的举证规则，受害人就会因为不能证明因果关系而无法得到救济。这显然不利于... 详细信息

在产品侵权案件中，当某种缺陷产品造成损害而市场上存在多个制造该缺陷产品的生产者时，如果受害人无法举证该致害产品到底来自哪一个生产者，根据传统侵权法的举证规则，受害人就会因为不能证明因果关系而无法得到救济。这显然不利于保护消费者。面对这种情况，美国法院在涉及产品责任的案件中创造性地发展出了市场份额责任规则。我国司法实践中也经常出现类似情况，根据现行法律规定，这类案件中的受害人还缺乏有效的救济途径。目前我国正在制定民法典，全面分析美国产品责任法中市场份额责任规则的产生背景、司法适用状况、发展完善程度，厘清该规则与我国相关法律制度的差异，明确我国立法中引入该规则的必要性及其适用条件，对于完善我国产品责任法体系，避免民法典制定中出现相关疏漏，具有十分重要的意义。

关键词：产品责任市场份额责任产品侵权消费者保护 product liability market share liability product infringement consumer protection

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产品责任：北美视角的比较法评论

经济法学、劳动法学 2014年第10期

作者：迈克尔·D.格林

美国采纳严格产品责任的主要原因是：早期的法律不能给消费者提供充分的保护；调整保证的法律不是从消费者的角度出发的；美国的社会福利很大程度上不如其他西方国家。当今美国主要对于设计和信息性缺陷适用过失责任制度，严格产品制度... 详细信息

美国采纳严格产品责任的主要原因是：早期的法律不能给消费者提供充分的保护；调整保证的法律不是从消费者的角度出发的；美国的社会福利很大程度上不如其他西方国家。当今美国主要对于设计和信息性缺陷适用过失责任制度，严格产品制度仅适用于制造缺陷和非制造缺陷的销售者。欧洲和其他法域的严格产品制度远比美国严格。各种结构化和程序化的事务赋予美国公民更多诉至法院的机会。

关键词：产品责任消费者保护社会福利缺陷类型化 Product Liability consumer protection Social Welfare Typology of Defects

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法律如何调整不平等关系?

经济法学、劳动法学 2022年第10期

作者：丁晓东

特定行业与领域的不平等关系催生了一系列倾斜保护型法，例如消费者保护法、劳动者保护法、个人信息保护法。这类法律中公法属性与私法属性高度融合，以个人——社会——国家的三元框架拟制法律关系，在倾斜保护的同时维持社会与市场的... 详细信息

特定行业与领域的不平等关系催生了一系列倾斜保护型法，例如消费者保护法、劳动者保护法、个人信息保护法。这类法律中公法属性与私法属性高度融合，以个人——社会——国家的三元框架拟制法律关系，在倾斜保护的同时维持社会与市场的有限自治。法律倾斜保护并非因为不平等关系本身而成立，而是因为特定行业与领域的不平等关系兼具互惠性与侵害性，同时具有社会治理与政治意义。在制度层面，倾斜保护型法可能面临赋权无效、赋权被滥用、施加责任过严或不足等问题。应以信任为价值基础，以协调联动的“药方”式策略调整不平等关系。倾斜保护型法可以为公私法二元划分的困境提供新解释，为规制理论、父爱主义与行为主义理论提供新视角，为法治提供兼具社会主义特殊性与全球普适性的新想象。

关键词：不平等关系倾斜保护消费者保护劳动者保护个人信息保护 Unequal Relationship Preferential protection consumer protection protection of Workers Personal Information protection