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Assessment of Domestic Wastewater Management Practices in the communal District I of Maradi City, Niger Republic

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2015年第8期3卷 57-65页

作者： Ousmane Laminou Manzo Hassidou Saidou Salamatou Abdourahamane Illiassou Saoudé Tidjani Idrissa Department of Agricultural Engineering and Water & Forests Faculty of Agronomy and Environmental Sciences Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University of Maradi Maradi Niger Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University of Maradi Maradi Niger Department of Biology Faculty of Science and Technology Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University of Maradi Maradi Niger

Wastewater treatment is a problem with much acuity in the city of Maradi in general, and particularly in the communal District I of Maradi. It is for this reason that the present study was conducted which deals with wastewater sanitation. The main objective of this study conducted through a survey is to investigate in the domestic wastewater sanitation in the communal District I of Maradi city. Specifically, the study aims to estimate the amount of wastewater produced by households and to analyze the sanitation system at household and at district levels. The wastewater management practices in this district were assessed through a descriptive cross sectional study in which a total of 129 households were selected by sample distribution technique in the district neighborhoods and studied using interviewer and administered questionnaires at communal and household levels. The results of the study showed that the amount of domestic wastewater generated is quite large, about 32.27 m3 per person per day, and this comes from several sources including showers, laundry, dishwashing and income generating activities. The results also revealed that the unhealthy state of the communal District I of Maradi is related to the absence of a wastewater treatment system, the methods and practices used in its management, and the population is also largely responsible for this unhealthy state and not willing to participate to a sanitation project.

关键词： Domestic Wastewater Sanitation communal District I of Maradi Management Practices

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Phenotypic Characterization and Strategies for Genetic Improvement of WAD Goats under Backyard Systems

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 253-262页

作者： S. O. Oseni B. A. Ajayi Department of Animal Sciences Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife Nigeria Department of Animal Science Landmark University Omu-Aran Nigeria

West African Dwarf (WAD) goats represent one of the predominant small ruminant breeds raised by resource-limited households in southern Nigeria as well as in the humid west and central Africa. This breed of goats is renowned for its adaptation to hot and humid environments, high fertility and prolificacy under backyard systems where they are raised almost with zero investment. On account of its contributions to household income and food security in southern Nigeria, there is the need for a detailed phenotypic and genetic characterization as well as the design of breeding strategies for its conservation through sustainable utilization. A critical challenge, however, is that there are no national breeding policies in most of the countries where WAD goats are raised. The objectives of this paper are: to review literature reports on trait-level information and estimates of genetic parameters for some economic characters of WAD goats;and to discuss a communal breeding scheme for its conservation through sustainable utilization. The presentation shows that WAD goats represent a highly diverse population, with particular reference to qualitative and performance-related traits, reflecting the role of traditional institutions in the maintenance of animal diversity in local populations. A genetic improvement programme involving dispersed open nucleus breeding scheme was discussed. The scheme involves backyard WAD goat units in villages as base population and dispersed communally managed schemes that maintain a population of bucks only, as nucleus units. Critical issues such as the definition of breeding goals by farmers, as well as communal project ownership, are emphasized. The ultimate goal of the breeding programme is to create opportunities for community-based management of WAD goat genetic resources for the benefit of backyard goat farmers in the region.

关键词： WAD Goats Characterization Trait-Level Information Genetic Improvement communal Breeding Scheme Backyard Systems

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Different Storage-Focused PV-Based Mini-Grid Architectures for Rural Developing Communities

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2018年第5期9卷 75-99页

作者： Nicholas Nixon Opiyo Centre for Integrated Energy Research School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds UK

Impacts of grid architectures on temporal diffusion of PV-based communal grids (community owned minigrids or microgrids) in a rural developing community are modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and a survey-informed agent-based model (ABM) developed in NetLogo. Results show that decentralised control architectures stimulate minigrid formations and connections by allowing easy expansions of the minigrids as each decentralised PV system within a minigrid is treated equally and determines its own real and reactive power, eliminating the need for communication links. This also reduces the cost of implementing such a system;fewer connections are realized with centralised controls as such systems require high speed communication links which make them both difficult to expand and expensive to implement. Results also show that multi-master operation modes lead to more communal grid connections compared to single-master operation modes because in the former, all distributed PV systems within a communal grid have the same rank and can act as masters or can be operated as combinations of master generators (VSIs) and PQ inverters, allowing for more design flexibility and easy connections from potential customers.

关键词： communal Grid Control Architecture DC/AC-Coupling

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Droop Control Methods for PV-Based Mini Grids with Different Line Resistances and Impedances

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2018年第6期9卷 101-112页

作者： Nicholas Nixon Opiyo Centre for Integrated Energy Research School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds England

Different droop control methods for PV-based communal grid networks (minigrids and microgrids) with different line resistances (R) and impedances (X) are modelled and simulated in MATLAB to determine the most efficient control method for a given network. Results show that active power-frequency (P-f) droop control method is the most efficient for low voltage transmission networks with low X/R ratios while reactive power-voltage (Q-V) droop control method is the most efficient for systems with high X/R ratios. For systems with complex line resistances and impedances, i.e. near unity X/R ratios, P-f or Q-V droop methods cannot individually efficiently regulate line voltage and frequency. For such systems, P-Q-f droop control method, where both active and reactive power could be used to control PCC voltage via shunt-connected inverters, is determined to be the most efficient control method. Results also show that shunt-connection of inverters leads to improved power flow control of interconnected communal grids by allowing feeder voltage regulation, load reactive power support, reactive power management between feeders, and improved overall system performance against dynamic disturbances.

关键词： Droop Control communal Grid Inverter

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GIS Based Mapping and Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Collection System in Wa, Ghana

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2015年第2期7卷 85-94页

作者： Hamidu Abdulai Rafaat Hussein Eddie Bevilacqua Mark Storrings Environmental Protection Agency Upper East Regional Office Bolgatanga Ghana State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA

Collection of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is important in every waste management program. communal container collection systems appear most prevalent in many developing countries. However, this collection system is associated with problems such as overflow of waste containers, ground dumping at collection sites, and open/indiscriminate dumping at unauthorized places. The spatial distribution of these activities present potential contamination challenges to water resources. Spatial information on Municipal Solid Waste Collection/Dump Sites (MSWCS) is essential for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) decision-making, including siting and collection route planning, and dumps cleanup. Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) present a platform to capture, map, and analyze spatial MSWM issues. This study applied GIS and GPS technologies to map MSWCS in Wa town, Ghana. Wa Municipality waste collection system efficiency was analyzed based on spatial availability of communal containers. A GIS model was developed and used to analyze proximity of MSWCS to boreholes drinking water sources. A pollution risk map was also developed to analyze the potential impact of indiscriminate dumps on hand-dug wells and surface water in Wa. The results reveal poor management in a significant number (about 67%) of MSWCS sites. Fifteen percent of mechanized boreholes failed the minimum proximity requirement (≥100 m) of the model. This study findings illustrate that MSWM in developing countries may be improved using GIS and GPS technologies. The approach used for Wa could be replicated in other towns in Ghana and other developing nations with similar MSWM problems to enhance policy and management decision-making.

关键词： GIS GPS Municipal Solid Waste communal Container Water Resources

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Improved Response to Water Shortage: A Discrete Choice Experiment Study in Langata Sub County, Nairobi City-Kenya

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第9期11卷 1161-1187页

作者： E. A. Ochungo G. O. Ouma J. P. O. Obiero N. A. Odero Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Meteorology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Environmental and Biosytems Engineering School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

This study aimed at identifying the most preferred water quality tracking system (WQTS) for adoption and the determining factors for the same among the Langata sub County households in Nairobi city, Kenya. Perrenial municipal water shortage in this neighborhood has forced the residents to depend on vended water supplication but whose quality is not possible to verify at the moment. Accordingly, a mobile phone quality tracing application running on blockchain technology platform was developed to fill the gap of provenance tracking. A non-market discrete choice experiments (DCEs) model was deployed in which four-option attribute bundles;with one being the “status quo” choice were presented to each of the 382 randomly sampled respondents from the five wards within the area. Results indicated that Option 2;the communally managed WQTS emerged as the most preferred choice at 53.9%. Secondly, the male factor was identified as the major determinant to this decision. In conclusion, the study proposes for the installation of this new WQTS which will trigger a 12% adjustment of the average household’s monthly water bill. In addition, this paper recommends for a city-wide assessment of residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for this WQTS, which it deems as an improved response to water shortage problem. Finally, the study contributes to the application of DCEs model in technology adoption literature.

关键词： Water Alternatives Doubt Trust Quality Tracking System communal Action

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