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cold water swimming pretreatment reduces cognitive deficits in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第8期12卷 1322-1328页

作者： Zi-wei Zhou Ya-dan Li Wei-wei Gao Jie-li Chen Shu-yuan Yue Jian-ning Zhang Department of Neurosurgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin China Tianjin Neurological Institute Tianjin China Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System Ministry of Education Tianjin China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System Tianjin China Intensive Care Units Tianjin Huanhu Hospital Tianjin China Department of Neurology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit MI USA

A moderate stress such as cold water swimming can raise the tolerance of the body to potentially injurious events. However, little is known about the mechanism of beneficial effects induced by moderate stress. In this study, we used a classic rat model of traumatic brain injury to test the hypothesis that cold water swimming preconditioning improved the recovery of cognitive functions and explored the mechanisms. Results showed that after traumatic brain injury, pre-conditioned rats（cold water swimming for 3 minutes at 4℃） spent a significantly higher percent of times in the goal quadrant of cold water swim, and escape latencies were shorter than for non-pretreated rats. The number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells was significantly higher in pre-conditioned rats than those without pretreatment at 0, 3, 6 and 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Immunohistochemical staining and Von Willebrand factor staining demonstrated that the number of CD34~＋ stem cells and new blood vessels in the injured hippocampus tissue increased significantly in pre-conditioned rats. These data suggest that pretreatment with cold water swimming could promote the proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis in the peripheral blood and hippocampus. It also ameliorated cognitive deficits caused by experimental traumatic brain injury.

关键词： nerve regeneration cold water swimming cognitive deficits endothelial progenitor cells angiogenesis neural repair stress Morriswater maze fluid percussion injury model CD34 Von Willebrand factor neural regeneration

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Swimrun race,athletes,safety and performance:A brief review

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Sports Medicine and Health Science 2021年第4期3卷 207-211页

作者： C.H.Geromont M.Lambert A.N.Bosch Division of Physiological Sciences Department of Human BiologyFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa

Swimrun was established in Sweden in *** competition athletes alternate between running and swimming multiple *** has grown from only being hosted in Sweden to now being a global *** swimrun race exposes athletes to environments that require a unique set of *** example,participants have to negotiate ocean currents and *** environmental conditions change between the runs and the *** may be exposed to hot temperatures when running in wetsuits(25℃and hotter)and cold water(colder than 16℃)when *** sudden change in environmental conditions imposes a poorly defined physiological stress on the *** on the demands of swimrun is *** research is needed to improve athlete safety during ***,research is needed to provide insight into enhancing training methods and performance.

关键词： Swimrun Athletic performance cold water swimming

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