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Parameterization and Explicit Modeling of cloud microphysics:Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第5期40卷 747-790页

作者： Yangang LIU Man-Kong YAU Shin-ichiro SHIMA Chunsong LU Sisi CHEN Environmental and Climate Sciences Department Brookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA Department of Atmospheric Sciences McGill UniversityMontrealH3A 0B8Canada Graduated School of Information Science University of HyogoKobe 650-0047Japan College of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderCO80307USA

cloud microphysical processes occur at the smallest end of scales among cloud-related processes and thus must be parameterized not only in large-scale global circulation models(GCMs)but also in various higher-resolution limited-area models such as cloud-resolving models(CRMs)and large-eddy simulation(LES)*** of giving a comprehensive review of existing microphysical parameterizations that have been developed over the years,this study concentrates purposely on several topics that we believe are understudied but hold great potential for further advancing bulk microphysics parameterizations:multi-moment bulk microphysics parameterizations and the role of the spectral shape of hydrometeor size distributions;discrete vs“continuous”representation of hydrometeor types;turbulence-microphysics interactions including turbulent entrainment-mixing processes and stochastic condensation;theoretical foundations for the mathematical expressions used to describe hydrometeor size distributions and hydrometeor morphology;and approaches for developing bulk microphysics *** presented are the spectral bin scheme and particle-based scheme(especially,super-droplet method)for representing explicit *** advantages and disadvantages are elucidated for constructing cloud models with detailed microphysics that are essential to developing processes understanding and bulk microphysics ***-resolved direct numerical simulation(DNS)models are described as an emerging technique to investigate turbulence-microphysics interactions at the most fundamental level by tracking individual particles and resolving the smallest turbulent eddies in turbulent *** challenges and future research directions are explored as well.

关键词： cloud microphysics parameterizations systems theory bin microphysics particle-based microphysics particleresolved direct numerical simulations

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Semi-Idealized Modeling of Lightning Initiation Related to Vertical Air Motion and cloud microphysics

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第5期31卷 976-986页

作者： fei wang yijun zhang dong zheng liangtao xu wenjuan zhang qing meng state key laboratory of severe weather chinese academy of meteorological sciencesBeijing 100081 laboratory of lightning physics and protection engineering chinese academy of meteorological sciencesBeijing 100081

A three-dimensional charge^lischarge numerical model is used, in a semi-idealized mode, to simulate a thunder- storm cell. Characteristics of the granpel microphysics and vertical air motion associated with the lightning initiation are revealed, which could be useful in retrieving charge strength during lightning when no charge^diseharge model is available, The results show that the vertical air motion at the lightning initiation sites （Wini） has a cubic polynomial correlation with the maximum updraft of the storm cell （WceH_m^x）, with the adjusted regression coefficient R2 of ap- proximately 0.97. Meanwhile, the graupel mixing ratio at the lightning initiation sites （qg-ini） has a linear correlation with the maximum graupel mixing ratio of the storm cell （qg-cell-max） and the initiation height （Zini）, with the coeffi- cients being 0.86 and 0.85, respectively. These linear correlations are more significant during the middle and late stages of lightning activity. A zero-charge zone, namely, the area with very low net charge density between the main positive and negative charge layers, appears above the area of qg-oewm and below the upper edge of the granpel re- gion, and is found to be an important area for lightning initiation. Inside the zero-charge zone, large electric intensity forms, and the ratio of qice （ice crystal mixing ratio） to qg （graupel mixing ratio） illustrates an exponential relation- ship to qg-ini. These relationships provide valuable clues to more accurately locating the high-risk area of lightning initiation in thunderstorms when only dual-polarization radar data or outputs from numerical models without char- ging/discharging schemes are available. The results can also help understand the environmental conditions at light- ning initiation sites.

关键词： lightning initiation graupel ice crystal vertical air motion cloud microphysics

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Influence of multi-chemical-component aerosols on the microphysics of warm clouds in North China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第3期54卷 451-461页

作者： YANG SuYing MA JianZhong HU ZhiJin YAN Peng CHEN Yue WANG Wei Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics and Environment Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China

An adiabatic bin-sized cloud parcel model is developed by incorporating the multi-chemical-component (MCC) aerosol effects into the UWyo single-chemical-component (SCC) parcel model. The effects of MCC aerosols on the warm cloud microphysics in North China are investigated with the model. The simulations are initialized using the data on chemical components and number size distribution of aerosols measured during the IPAC (Influence of Pollution on Aerosols and cloud microphysics in North China) campaign in spring 2006. It is found that the MCC aerosols in North China increase the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and decrease the effective radius more efficiently than pure ammonium-sulfate aerosols. It is also shown that the MCC aerosols in North China can narrow the cloud droplet spectra (CDS) by increasing CDNC in small size and decreasing CDNC in large size. Our results indicate that aerosol chemical components and their size distributions can influence the microphysics of warm clouds, and thus affect atmospheric radiation and precipitation. This should attract more attentions in weather and climate change research in the future.

关键词： aerosols chemical component CCN cloud microphysics cloud model

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A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES ON TYPHOON NIDA(2016) USING A NEW DOUBLE-MOMENT microphysics SCHEME IN THE WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING MODEL

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2018年第2期24卷 123-130页

作者： LI Zhe ZHANG Yu-tao LIU Qi-jun FU Shi-zuo MA Zhan-shan Numerical Weather Prediction Center of CMA Beijing 100081 China National Meteorological Center CMA Beijing 100081 China Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China

The basic structure and cloud features of Typhoon Nida(2016) are simulated using a new microphysics scheme(Liuma) within the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. Typhoon characteristics simulated with the Liuma microphysics scheme are compared with observations and those simulated with a commonly-used microphysics scheme(WSM6). Results show that using different microphysics schemes does not significantly alter the track of the typhoon but does significantly affect the intensity and the cloud structure of the typhoon. Results also show that the vertical distribution of cloud hydrometeors and the horizontal distribution of peripheral rainband are affected by the microphysics scheme. The mixing ratios of rain water and graupel correlate highly with the vertical velocity component and equivalent potential temperature at the typhoon eye-wall region. According to the simulation with WSM 6 scheme,it is likely that the very low typhoon central pressure results from the positive feedback between hydrometeors and typhoon intensity. As the ice-phase hydrometeors are mostly graupel in the Liuma microphysics scheme, further improvement in this aspect is required.

关键词： Liuma microphysics scheme typhoon intensity cloud microphysics typhoon structure Weather Research and Forecasting model

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Improvement of cloud microphysical parameterization and its advantages in simulating precipitation along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第3期67卷 856-873页

作者： Xiaoqi XU Zhiwei HENG Yueqing LI Shunjiu WANG Jian LI Yuan WANG Jinghua CHEN Peiwen ZHANG Chunsong LU China Meteorological Administration Transportation Meteorology Key Laboratory Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric SciencesNanjing 210041China Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Institute of Plateau MeteorologyCMAChengdu 610072China State Key Laboratory of Disaster Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China China Meteorological Administration Aerosol-cloud and Precipitation Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

The Sichuan-Xizang Railway is an important part of the railway network in China, and geological disasters, such as mountain floods and landslides, frequently occur in this region. Precipitation is an important cause of these disasters;therefore,accurate simulation of the precipitation in this region is highly important. In this study, the descriptions for uncertain processes in the cloud microphysics scheme are improved;these processes include cloud droplet activation, cloud-rain autoconversion, rain accretion by cloud droplets, and the entrainment-mixing process. In the default scheme, the cloud water content of different sizes corresponds to the same cloud droplet concentration, which is inconsistent with the actual content;this results in excessive cloud droplet size, unreasonable related conversion rates of microphysical process(such as cloud-rain autoconversion), and an overestimation of precipitation. Our new scheme overcomes the problem of excessive cloud droplet size. The processes of cloudrain autoconversion and rain accretion by cloud droplets are similar to the stochastic collection equation, and the mixing mechanism of cloud droplets is more consistent with that occurred during the actual physical process in the cloud. Based on the new and old schemes, multiple precipitation processes in the flood season of 2021 along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway are simulated, and the results are evaluated using ground observations and satellite data. Compared to the default scheme, the new scheme is more suitable for the simulation of cloud physics, reducing the simulation deviation of the liquid water path and droplet radius from 2 times to less than 1 time and significantly alleviating the overestimation of precipitation intensity and range of precipitation center. The average root-mean-square error is reduced by 22%. Our results can provide a scientific reference for improving precipitation forecasting and disaster prevention in this region.

关键词： The Sichuan-Xizang Railway cloud microphysics Precipitation Model improvement

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A microphysical investigation of different convective cells during the precipitation event with sustained high-resolution observations

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2024年第2期18卷 279-295页

作者： Ziheng HUANG Zheng RUAN Debin SU State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China College of Electronic Engineering Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding China Meteorological AdministrationChengdu 610225China

The growth and breakup processes of raindrops within a cloud influence the rain intensity and the sizes of raindrops on the *** Doppler velocity spectrum acquired by a vertically pointing radar(VPR)contains information on atmospheric turbulence and the size classification of falling *** this study,the four types of Convective Cells(CC)during precipitation events with more than 700 mm of precipitation in southern China are *** characteristics of four types of CCs correspond to the isolated convection,the early stage,the mature stage,and the decline stage of organizational convection,in that *** analysis using retrieval of vertical air motion(Vair)and raindrop evolution in clouds from Doppler velocity spectra collected by C-band VPR revealed the growth and breakup of falling raindrops with dynamic *** raindrops appear in the early stages and are accompanied by ice particles,which are impacted by the falling path᾽s *** aggregation,which is primarily related to the alternation of updraft and downdraft,accounts for the mature stage᾽s high efficiency of surface *** CCs in the decline stage originate from the shallow uplift in the weak and broad downdraft under conditions of enough water *** updraft dominates the stage of isolated *** of convective cells could be more accurately represented in model evaluations.

关键词： cloud microphysics convective systems convective cell vertically pointing radar observations Doppler velocity spectrum

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Kinematics and Microphysical Characteristics of the First Intense Rainfall Convective Storm Observed by Jiangsu Polarimetric Radar Network

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2022年第2期28卷 169-182页

作者： WANG Kun XIA Xin MEI Yi-qing JIANG Ning WAN Qi-lin LI Min GU Pei-shu PENG Xiao-yan Nantong Meteorological Bureau NantongJiangsu 226000 China Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Weather Research Center for Monitoring Warning and Forecasting ShenzhenGuangdong 518000 China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather(LASW)and Institute of Climate System Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081 China Haimen Meteorological Bureau NantongJiangsu 226100 China

The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since *** first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29,2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu *** microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study,in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar *** size distribution(DSD)of this event is estimated from measurements of a ground disdrometer,and the corresponding three-dimensional atmospheric microphysical features are obtained from the multiple polarimetric *** to features of updraft and lighting,the evolution of the convective storm is divided into four stages:developing,mature with lightning,mature without lightning and *** DSD of this event is featured by a large number of raindrops and a considerable number of large *** microphysical characteristics are similar to those of warm-rain process,and ice-phase microphysical processes are active in the mature *** composite vertical structure of the convective storm indicates that deep ZDR and KDP columns coincide with strong updrafts during both mature *** hierarchical microphysical structure retrieved by the Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm(HID)shows that depositional growth has occurred above the melting level,and aggregation is the most widespread ice-phase process at the-10℃level or *** negative lightning activity,the presence of strongest updrafts and a large amount of ice-phase graupel by riming between the 0℃and-35℃layers generate strong negative electric fields within the *** convective storms are typical warm clouds with very high precipitation efficiency,which cause high concentration of raindrops,especially the presence of large raindrops within a short period of *** ice-phase microphysical processes above the me

关键词： convective storms cloud microphysics lightning warm rain polarimetric S-band radar observations

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AN SENSITIVITY SIMULATION ABOUT cloud MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES OF TYPHOON CHANCHU

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2010年第4期16卷 390-401页

作者：林文实吴剑斌李江南梁旭东方杏芹徐穗珊 School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Shanghai Typhoon Institute China Meteorological Administration

With the Reisner-2 bulk microphysical parameterization of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-U.S. National Center for Atmospheric Research （PSU--NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5）, this paper investigates the microphysical sensitivities of Typhoon Chanchu. Four different microphysical sensitivity experiments were designed with an objective to evaluate their respective impacts in modulating intensity forecasts and microphysics budgets of the typhoon. The set of sensitivity experiments were conducted that comprised （a） a control experiment （CTL）, （b） NEVPRW from which evaporation of rain water was suppressed, （c） NGP from which graupel was taken, and （d） NMLT from which melting of snow and graupel was removed. We studied the impacts of different cloud microphysical processes on the track, intensity and precipitation of the typhoon, as well as the kinematics, thermodynamics and vertical structural characteristics of hydrometeors in the inner core of the typhoon. Additionally, the budgets of the cloud microphysical processes in the fine domain were calculated to quantify the importance of each microphysical process for every sensitivity experiment. The primary results are as follows：（1） It is found that varying cloud microphysics parameters produce little sensitivity in typhoon track experiments. （2） The experiment of NGP produces the weakest storm, while the experiment of NMLT produces the strongest storm, and the experiment of NEVPRW also produces stronger storms than CTL. （3） Varying parameters of cloud rnicrophysics have obvious impacts on the precipitation, kinematics, and thermodynamics of the typhoon and the vertical structural characteristics of hydrometeors in the typhoon＇s inner core. （4） Most budgets of cloud microphysics in NMLT are larger than in CTL, while they are 20%-60% smaller in NEVPRW than in CTL.

关键词： Typhoon Chanchu cloud microphysics simulation

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cloud microphysical differences with precipitation intensity in a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan, China

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2016年第2期9卷 90-98页

作者： HUANG Yong-Jie CUI Xiao-Peng WANG Ya-Ping Key Laboratory of cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology

High-resolution data of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan, China, simulated by the WRF model, were used to analyze the cloud microphysical differences with precipitation intensity. Sixhourly accumulated rainfall was classified into five bins based on rainfall intensity, and the cloud microphysical characteristics and processes in different bins were studied. The results show that：（1） Hydrometeor content differed distinctly among different bins. Mixing ratios of cloud water, rain water, and graupel enhanced significantly and monotonously with increasing rainfall intensity. With increasing precipitation intensity, the monotonous increase in cloud water number concentration was significant. Meanwhile, number concentrations of rain water and graupel increased at first and then decreased or increased slowly in larger rainfall bins.（2） With precipitation intensity increasing, cloud microphysical conversion processes closely related to the production of rainwater, directly（accretion of cloud water by rain（QCLcr） and melting of graupel（QMLgr）） or indirectly（water vapor condensation and accretion of cloud water by graupel）, increased significantly.（3） As the two main sources of rainwater, QCLcrincreased monotonously with increasing precipitation intensity, while QMLgr increased slowly, even tending to cease increasing in larger rainfall bins.

关键词： cloud microphysics cloud microphysical processes torrential rainfall numerical simulation

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Aircraft observation of cloud microphysical characteristics of pre-stratiform-cloud precipitation in Jiangxi Province

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2017年第5期10卷 364-371页

作者： FU Yuan LEI Heng-Chi Key Laboratory of cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Based on Droplet Measurement Technologies data of a pre-stratiform-cloud precipitation event in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, on 11 November 2015, and combined with radar data, this paper comprehensively analyzes the macro-and microphysical characteristics of cloud in the upper *** results show that：（1） Detection takes place in the early stage of precipitation and the cloud has multiple layers. The cloud type is stratiform（Sc） and the height of the cloud base is 1009 m, 1009–1700 m is the low Sc layer, 1700–3000 m is the no-cloud level, and 3000 to the maximum height detected is another Sc layer.（2） The Sc is inhomogeneous in the horizontal and vertical *** particle number concentration and the effective diameter below the 0 °C layer is significantly higher than that above the 0 °C layer, which is in accordance with the ‘seeder–feeder＇ *** the 0 °C layer is seeder cloud, where needle, column ice crystals and water droplets coexist,and sublimation and coalescence are the main processes. The morphology of ice crystals changes from needle to column, plate, and polymer as height decreases. Below the 0 °C warm layer is a supply cloud, and the particles develop in the supply cloud with abundant liquid water content. Ice melting and coalescence dominate the warm layer, which makes the effective diameter significantly increase. Down to 4150 m, the ice melts completely into raindrops.

关键词： Stratiform cloud aircraft observation cloud microphysics Jiangxi Province

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