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SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION4, a New var2 Suppressor Locus, Encodes a Pioneer Protein that Is Required for chloroplast biogenesis

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Molecular Plant 2011年第2期4卷 229-240页

作者： Fei Yu ung-Soon Park Xiayan Liu Andrew Foudree Aigen Fu Marta Powikrowska Anastassia Khrouchtchova Poul Erik Jensen Jillian N. Kriger Gordon RI Gray Steven R. Rodermel College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi 712100 People's Republic of China Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology iowa State University 253 Bessey Hall Ames IA 50011 USA Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5A8 Canada

VAR2 is an integral thylakoid membrane protein and a member of the versatile FtsH class of metalloproteases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recessive mutations in the VAR2 locus give rise to variegated plants （var2） that contain white sectors with abnormal plastids and green sectors with normal-appearing chloroplasts. In a continuing effort to isolate second-site suppressors of var2 variegation, we characterize in this report ems2505, a suppressor strain that has a virescent phenotype due to a missense mutation in At4g28590, the gene for a pioneer protein. We designated this gene SVR4 （for SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION4） and the mutant allele in ems2505 as svr4-1. We demonstrate that SVR4 is located in chloroplasts and that svr4-1 single mutants are normal with respect to chloroplast anatomy and thylakoid membrane protein accumulation. However, they are modestly impaired in several aspects of photochemistry and have enhanced non-photochemical quenching （NPQ） capacity. A T-DNA insertion allele of SVR4, svr4-2, is seedling-lethal due to an early blockage of chloroplast development. We conclude that SVR4 is essential for chloroplast biogenesis, and hypothesize that SVR4 mediates some aspect of thylakoid structure or function that controls NPQ. We propose that in the suppressor strain, photoinhibitory pressure caused by a lack of VAR2 is ameliorated early in chloroplast development by enhanced NPQ capacity caused by reduced SVR4 activity. This would result in an increase in the number of chloroplasts that are able to surmount a threshold necessary to avoid photo-damage and thereby develop into functional chloroplasts.

关键词： Arabidopsis chloroplast biogenesis non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) photo-damage suppressor strain variegation

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ALM1, encoding a Fe-superoxide dismutase, is critical for rice chloroplast biogenesis and drought stress response

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The Crop Journal 2021年第5期9卷 1018-1029页

作者： Yanwei Wang Chen Deng Pengfei Ai Xue’an Cui Zhiguo Zhang Joint CAAS/IRRI Laboratory for Photosynthetic Enhancement Biotechnology Research Institute/National Key Facility for Genetic Resources and Gene ImprovementChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China College of Bioscience and Bioengineering Hebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang 050000HebeiChina

chloroplasts are the center of plant life activities including photosynthesis,growth and development,and abiotic stress *** development and biogenesis in rice have been studied in detail,but how does abiotic stress affect chloroplasts is less *** obtained an albino mutant,alm1,whose chlorophyll content was greatly *** electron microscopy showed that chloroplast development in alm1 was blocked,especially in thylakoid-like structures,which could not form *** ALM1 gene encodes a chloroplast-localized superoxide ***-length ALM1 successfully restored the non-albino phenotype,and in knockout lines,the albino phenotype *** ALM1gene is expressed mainly in young ***1 plants died as a consequence of excessive reactive oxygen accumulation after the third-leaf stage.A series of biochemical assays verified that ALM1 interacted with the OsTrxz protein,which is one of the components of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complexes.A western blot experiment indicated that ALM1 played an important role in stabilizing OsTrxz in *** overexpression test of ALM1 revealed that ALM1 can increase drought resistance by removing excess reactive oxygen in rice *** study suggests that ALM1 not only participates in rice chloroplast biogenesis,but also increases rice stress resistance by scavenging excess reactive oxygen.

关键词： Rice chloroplast biogenesis PEP complex Drought stress

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The tRNA 3'-end Processing Enzyme tRNase Z2Contributes to chloroplast biogenesis in Rice

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2013年第11期55卷 1104-1118页

作者： Tuan Long Dong Guo Dong He Wenjie Shen Xianghua Li National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan) Huazhong Agricultural University

tRNase Z （TRZ） is a ubiquitous endonuclease that removes the 3＇-trailer from precursor tRNAs during maturation. In yeast and animals, TRZ regulates the cell cycle via its （t）RNA processing activity; however, its physiological function in higher plants has not been well characterized. This study describes the identification of a rice （Oryza sativa） TRZ2 mutant; plants homozygous for the osatrz2 mutation were albinos with deficient chlorophyll content. A microscopic analysis of the mutant plants revealed that the transition of proplastids to chloroplasts was arrested at an early stage, and the number and size of the plastids in callus cells was substantially decreased. A genetic complementation test and an RNA interference analysis confirmed that disruption of OsaTRZ2 was responsible for the mutant phenotype. OsaTRZ2 is expressed in all rice tissues, but is preferentially expressed in leaves, sheathes, and calli. OsaTRZ2 was subcellularly localized in chloroplasts, and displayed tRNA 3＇-end processing activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays. In the osatrz2 mutants, transcription of plastid-encoded and nucleus- encoded RNA polymerases was severely reduced and moderately increased, respectively. These results suggest that the tRNA 3＇ processing activity of OsaTRZ2 contributes to chloroplast biogenesis.

关键词： chloroplast biogenesis rice tRNA processing tRNase Z.

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Heat Sensitivel is essential for protecting editing of accD chloroplast transcripts and chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis under heat stress

Heat Sensitivel is essential for protecting editing of accD ...

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2011全国植物生物学研讨会

作者： Linlin Zhong,Congming Lu~* Key Laboratory of Photobiology,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100093, China

High temperature is one of the major environmental stresses that greatly depress the growth of *** plants have evolved multiple mechanisms to adapt to heat stress,the detailed molecular mechanisms remain be *** this study,we characterized the heat sensitive1(hs1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana,which showed albino phenotype under heat stress(30℃) but had no significant difference with wild type under normal growth temperature(22℃).Under heat stress condition,hs1 had lower photosystemⅠandⅡactivity,and chloroplast development was arrested. Immunoblot analyses showed that the levels of plastid-encoded proteins were reduced

关键词： chloroplast biogenesis Heat Sensitive1 heat stress RNA editing accD Arabidopsis

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White Leaf and Panicle 2 encoding a PEP-associated protein,is required for chloroplast biogenesis under heat stress in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

White Leaf and Panicle 2 encoding a PEP-associated protein,i...

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2017年中国作物学会学术年会

作者： Yusong Lv Gaoneng Shao Jiehua Qiu Guiai Jiao Zhonghua Sheng Lihong Xie Shaoqing Tang Yawen Wu Xiangjin Wei Peisong Hu State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding of Ministry of AgricultureChina National Rice Research Institute

The plastid-encoded RNA polymerase(PEP) plays an important role in the transcription machinery of mature chloroplasts,yet,details of its function remain elusive in ***,we identified a novel PEP-associated protein(PAP) and named it WLP2 based on its two allelic white leaf and panicle mutants,wlp2 s and wlp2 *** two mutants,which were albino lethal at high temperatures,showed decreased chlorophyl1 accumulation,abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure and attenuated photosynthetic ***-based cloning and over-expression analysis suggested that WLP2 encodes a putative pfkB-type family protein which is homologous to fructokinase-like 1(AtFLN1) in ***2 is mainly expressed in green tissues,and its protein localizes in *** levels of PEP-encoded genes and chloroplast development genes were compromised in wlp2 mutants,indicating that WLP2 is essential for normal chloroplast ***2 and its paralog OsFLN2 can physically interact with thioredoxin OsTRXz to form a TRX-FLN module which not only regulates the PEP-encoded genes transcription,also keeps the redox balance under heat stress in ***,the wlp2 w mutant gene represents a potential advantage in enhancing seed purity and high throughput ***,our results indicate that WLP2 protects chloroplast development from heat stress by a TRX-FLN regulatory module in rice.

关键词： White Leaf and Panicle 2(WLP2) PEP-associated protein(PAP) chloroplast biogenesis heat stress rice

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Gibberellin indirectly promotes chloroplast biogenesis as ameans to maintain the chloroplast population of expanded cells

Gibberellin indirectly promotes chloroplast biogenesis as am...

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从植物科学到农业发展——2012全国植物生物学大会

作者： Xingshan Jiang~1,Heying Li~2,Ting Wang~(2,5),Changlian Peng~1,Haiyang Wang~(3,4),Hong Wu~(2*),Xiaojing Wang~(1*) 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development,College of Life Sciences,South China Normal University,Guangzhou 510631,China. 2 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510642,China. 3 College of Life Sciences,Capital Normal University,Beijing 100048,China. 4 Department of Molecular,Cellular,and Developmental Biology,Yale University,New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104,USA.

chloroplast biogenesis needs to be well coordinated with cell division and cell expansion during plant growth and development to achieve optimal photosynthesis *** studies showed that gibberellins(GA) regulate many important plant developmental processes,including cell division and cell ***,the relationship between chloroplast biogenesis with cell division and cell expansion and how GA coordinately regulates these processes remain poorly *** this study,we showed that chloroplast division was significantly reduced in the GA-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis (gal-3) and rice(dl8-AD),accompanied by reduced expression of several chloroplast division-related ***,the chloroplasts of both mutants exhibited increased grana stacking compared to their respective wild-type plants,suggesting that there might be a compensation mechanism linking chloroplast division and grana stacking.A time-lapse analysis showed that cell expansion-related genes tended to be up-regulated earlier and more significantly than the genes related to chloroplast division and cell division in GA-treated gal-3 leaves,suggesting the possibility that GA may promote chloroplast division through their impact on leaf mesophyll cell ***,our cellular and molecular analysis of the GA-response signaling mutants suggest that RGA and GAI are the major repressors regulating GA-induced chloroplast division,but other DELLA proteins(RGLl,RGL2 and RGL3) also play a role in repressing chloroplast division in *** together,our data show that GA plays a critical role in controlling and coordinating cell division,cell expansion and chloroplast biogenesis through regulating the DELLA protein family in both dicot and monocot plant species.

关键词： gibberellin DELLA proteins chloroplast biogenesis chloroplast division cell expansion grana stacking.

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OsTHA8 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for RNA editing and splicing during rice chloroplast development

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作物学报:英文版 2023年第5期11卷 1353-1367页

作者： Yanwei Wang Yu Duan Pengfei Ai College of Food and Biology Hebei University of Science and TechnologyShijiazhuang 050018HebeiChina

In higher plants, the chloroplast is the most important organelle for photosynthesis and for numerous essential metabolic processes in the cell. Although many genes involved in chloroplast development have been identified, the mechanisms underlying such development are not fully understood. In this study, a rice(Oryza sativa) mutant exhibiting pale green color and seedling lethality was isolated from a mutant library. The mutated gene was identified as an ortholog of THA8(thylakoid assembly 8) in Arabidopsis and maize. This gene is designated as OsTHA8 hereafter. OsTHA8 showed a typical pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR) characteristic of only four PPR motifs. Inactivation of OsTHA8 led to a deficiency in chloroplast development in the rice seedling stage. OsTHA8 was expressed mainly in young leaves and leaf *** OsTHA8 protein was localized to the chloroplast. Loss of function of OsTHA8 weakened the editing efficiency of ndhB-611/737 and rps8-182 transcripts under normal conditions. Y2H and BiFC indicated that OsTHA8 facilitates RNA editing by forming an editosome with multiple organellar RNA editing factor(OsMORF8) and thioredoxin z(OsTRXz), which function in RNA editing in rice chloroplasts. Defective OsTHA8 impaired chloroplast ribosome assembly and resulted in reduced expression of PEP-dependent genes and photosynthesis-related genes. Abnormal splicing of the chloroplast gene ycf3 was detected in ostha8. These findings reveal a synergistic regulatory mechanism of chloroplast biogenesis mediated by RNA, broaden the function of the PPR family, and shed light on the RNA editing complex in rice.

关键词： Oryza sativa L. chloroplast biogenesis Pentatricopeptide repeat protein RNA editing RNA splicing

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*** affects chloroplast development in Brassica napus L.

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The Crop Journal 2021年第5期9卷 992-1002页

作者： Tingting Liu Baolong Tao Hanfei Wu Jing Wen Bin Yi Chaozhi Ma Jinxing Tu Tingdong Fu Lixia Zhu Jinxiong Shen National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement National Center of Rapeseed ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070HubeiChina School of Biological Science and Technology University of JinanJinan 250000ShandongChina

Mature chloroplasts,as the main sites of photosynthesis,are essential for seedling growth in higher *** of function of genes involved in chloroplast development changes plant *** obtained a YELLOW COTYLEDON (YCO) mutant in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using ***,a gene of unknown function,has two homologous copies (Bna *** and Bna ***) in *** mutation of these two homologs resulted in yellow cotyledons and chlorotic true *** electron microscopy revealed that the formation of thylakoid membranes was inhibited in yellow *** similarity search revealed that YCO was conserved in different species,and a subcellular location assay verified that *** was located in the *** was expressed in multiple tissues,most highly in *** of *** blocked the transcription of plastid genes,especially those of photosystem genes transcribed by plastid-encoded *** sequencing showed that the majority of genes involved in ribosome assembly and photosynthesis were down-regulated in *** *** results suggested that loss of function of *** affected plastid gene transcription,which influenced chloroplast biogenesis in rapeseed seedlings.

关键词： Brassica napus Chlorophyll biosynthesis chloroplast biogenesis Chlorotic leaves Yellow cotyledon

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Essentials of Proteolytic Machineries in chloroplasts

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Molecular Plant 2017年第1期10卷 4-19页

作者： Kenji Nishimura Yusuke Kato Wataru Sakamoto Institute of Plant Science and Resources Okayama University 2-20-1 Chuo Kurashiki Okayama 710-0046 Japan

Plastids are unique organelles that can alter their structure and function in response to environmental and developmental stimuli. chloroplasts are one type of plastid and are the sites for various metabolic pro- cesses, including photosynthesis. For optimal photosynthetic activity, the chloroplast proteome must be properly shaped and maintained through regulated proteolysis and protein quality control mechanisms. Enzymatic functions and activities are conferred by protein maturation processes involving consecutive proteolytic reactions. Protein abundances are optimized by the balanced protein synthesis and degrada- tion, which is depending on the metabolic status. Malfunctioning proteins are promptly degraded. Twenty chloroplast proteolytic machineries have been characterized to date. Specifically, processing peptidases and energy-driven processive proteases are the major players in chloroplast proteome biogenesis, remod- eling, and maintenance. Recently identified putative proteases are potential regulators of photosynthetic functions. Here we provide an updated, comprehensive overview of chloroplast protein degradation ma- chineries and discuss their importance for photosynthesis. Wherever possible, we also provide structural insights into chloroplast proteases that implement regulated proteolysis of substrate proteins/peptides.

关键词： chloroplast biogenesis protease protein homeostasis

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In Vivo Function of Tic22, a Protein Import Component of the Intermembrane Space of chloroplasts

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Molecular Plant 2013年第3期6卷 817-829页

作者： Mareike Rudolf Anu B. Machettira Lucia E. Groβ Katrin L. Weber Kathrin Bolte Tihana Bionda Maik S. Sommer Uwe G. Maier Andreas RM. Weber Enrico Schleiff Joanna Tripp Department of Biosciences Molecular Cell Biology of Plants Center of Membrane Proteomics and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Goethe University Max-von-Laue Str. 9 D-60438 Frankfurt Germany Institute of Plant Biochemistry Heinrich-Heine-University Universitatsstr. 1 D-40225 Dusseldorf Germany Cell Biology Philipps University Marburg Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8 D-35032 Marburg Germany LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) Hans-Meerwein-Str. D-35032 Marburg Germany

Preprotein import into chloroplasts depends on macromolecular machineries in the outer and inner chloroplast envelope membrane （TOC and TIC）. It was suggested that both machineries are interconnected by components of the intermembrane space （IMS）. That is, amongst others, Tic22, of which two closely related isoforms exist in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely atTic22-III and atTic22-IV. We investigated the function of Tic22 in vivo by analyzing T-DNA insertion lines of the corresponding genes. While the T-DNA insertion in the individual genes caused only slight defects, a double mutant of both isoforms showed retarded growth, a pale phenotype under high-light conditions, a reduced import rate, and a reduction in the photosynthetic performance of the plants. The latter is supported by changes in the metabolite content of mutant plants when compared to wild-type. Thus, our results support the notion that Tic22 is directly involved in chloroplast preprotein import and might point to a particular importance of Tic22 in chloroplast biogenesis at times of high import rates.

关键词： protein translocation TOC and TIC intermembrane space translocon chloroplast biogenesis metabolitecontent.

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