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Geographies of chemical warfare in Vietnam: The Merry Band of Retirees

Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第9期14卷 530-536页

作者： Bryan R. Higgins State University of New York Plattsburgh NY USA

This review explores the recent development of research on rainbow herbicides as chemical weapons and the geographies of chemical warfare in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. While the use and impacts of Agent Orange have previously been well documented, the production and extensive application of five other rainbow agents by the United States military has only recently been investigated in detail. What is exceptional about this research of chemical warfare landscapes is that the 23 refereed journal publications in this review were designed, implemented, and published in a unique collective research project by Ken Olson and a Merry Band of Military Retirees. Their groundbreaking research portfolio includes many geographical dimensions and the political ecology of chemical warfare. This includes the extensive exposure of civilians in Vietnam to these chemical agents, exposure of US military personnel in Southeast Asia and Panama, exposure of civilians near the private industrial sites that produced these rainbow agents in North America and the hazardous soil contamination that perseveres at these sites in Vietnam and the US. Given this impressive research depth and global scope, this review explores the unique way this research portfolio was developed by a Merry Band of Retirees through an interview with its leader, Ken Olson. It examines the goals and ethical orientation of these military veterans, the political ecology involved, the creative strategies they utilized to produce this innovative research, and how they changed the way Veterans exposed to chemical warfare agents are treated by the US government.

关键词： chemical warfare Rainbow Agents Geography Merry Band of Retirees Political Ecology

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Detection of chemical warfare agents based on quantum cascade laser cavity ring-down spectroscopy

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Chinese Optics Letters 2012年第5期10卷 4-6页

作者：曲哲超高椿明韩艳玲杜晓松李斌成 Institute of Optics and Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Optoelectronic Information University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

chemical warfare agents （CWAs） are recognized as serious threats of terrorist acts against the civilian population. Minimizing the impact of these threats requires early detection of the presence of CWAs. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy （CRDS） is an exquisitely sensitive technique for the detection of trace gaseous species. In this letter, the CRDS technique is employed using a pulsed quantum cascade laser for the detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate （DMMP）. A limit of DMMP detection of approximately 77 ppb is achieved. The best achievable sensitivity that corresponds to noise-equivalent absorption is approximately 2×10^-7cm^-1.

关键词： chemical warfare Esters Spectroscopy

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Beyond the burn: Studies on the physiological effects of flamethrowers during World War Ⅱ

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Military Medical Research 2020年第3期7卷 303-311页

作者： David W.Van Wyck 4/3 SFG(A)Bldg Z-4157 South Post Rd Fort BraggNC 28310USA

Flamethrowers are widely considered one of warfare’s most controversial weapons and are capable of inflicting gruesome physical injuries and intense psychological *** being the last of the major combatants in World WarⅡ(WWⅡ)to develop them,the *** quickly became the most frequent and adept operator of portable *** gave the *** ample opportunity to observe the effects of flamethrowers on enemy ***,while most people in modern times would consider immolation by flamethrower to be an unnecessarily painful and inhumane way to inflict casualties,immolation was,at one point during WWⅡ,referred to as"mercy killing"by the *** warfare Service(CWS).This mischaracterization arose from a series of firsthand accounts describing what were believed to be quick,painless,and unmarred deaths,as well as from a poor and incomplete understanding of flamethrower *** a result,indirect mechanisms such as hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning were generally absent from accounts of the flamethrower’s fatal *** was not until several years after flamethrowers were introduced to the frontlines that the CWS and National Defense Research Committee(NDRC)conducted a series of tests to better understand the physiological and toxicological effects of *** article examines how the initial absence of scientific data on the physiologic effects of flamethrowers led to an inaccurate understanding of their lethality,and bizarre claims that one of history’s most horrific instruments of war was considered one of the more"humane"weapons on the battlefield.

关键词： Flamethrower Burns Carbon monoxide Asphyxiation Hypoxia chemical warfare

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Iraq-lran chemical war： calendar, mortality and morbidity

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2014年第3期17卷 165-169页

作者： Seyed Mansour Razavi Mahdiyeh Sadat Razavi Mohsen Pirhosseinloo Payman Salamati Professor of Infectious Diseases Research Centerfor Rational Use of Drugs Tehran University of MedicalSciences Tehran Iran MSc student Cognitive Sciences Institute forCognitive Science Studies Shahid Beheshti UniversityTehran Iran Associate Professor of Community Medicine SinaTrauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran Universityof Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Objectives： To review the calendar, mortality and morbidity of Iraq-Iran chemical war among Iranians based on researchers＇ reports. Methods： We used national and international databanks such as PubMed, ISI, Scopus, Irandoc and Iranmedex and studied 350 articles related to chemical agents and their effects on different organs. The main criteria for qualification of articles were relevancy orientation and being published in approved medical journals. Results： The Iraqi army invaded to west and southwest Iran using chemical weapons such as nerve agents （NAs） and sulfur mustard （SM）. Most victims were civilians including women and children. These attacks had imposed more than 150 types of diseases and complications on Iranians and the frequency of death was 2%-3%. Most reports were about respiratory problems and a few were in the domain of socio-economic damages Conclusion： At present, 25 years after me end of war, the victims are faced with different complications induced by chemical agents and it is estimated that they will be continuously troubled by these problems in future.

关键词： chemical warfare Wounds andinjuries lran lraq

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