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Assessing microbial and chemical exposure risks of Giardia in indoor swimming pool water disinfected by chlorine

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 276-284页

作者： Chenyue Yin Bingjun Liu Kyu Hur Shengkun Dong Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China Guangzhou 510275China Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering School of Civil EngineeringSun Yat-Sen UniversityZhuhai 519000China 3-10 Shinohara Nishicho Kohoku WardYokohamaKanagawa 222-0025Japan

Swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the microbial risk, higher chlorine doses are required during disinfection. Unfortunately, this process produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that increase the risk of chemical exposure. Therefore, quantitatively evaluating the comparative microbial vs. chemical exposure risks that stem from chlorination inactivation of Giardia in swimming pool water is an issue that demands attention. We simulated an indoor swimming pool disinfection scenario that followed common real-world disinfection practices. A quantitative microbial risk assessment coupled with a chemical exposure risk assessment was employed to compare the Giardia microbial exposure risk(MER) and the trihalomethane chemical exposure risk(CER) to humans. The results demonstrated a 22% decrease in MER-and CER-induced health exposure risk, from 8.45E-5 at 8:00 to 6.60E-5 at 19:00. Both the MER and CER decreased gradually, dropping to 3.26E-5 and 3.35E-5 at 19:00, respectively. However, the CER exceeded the MER after 18:30 and became the dominant factor affecting the total exposure risk. Past the 18 hr mark, the contribution of trihalomethane CER far exceeded the risk aversion from microbial inactivation, leading to a net increase in total exposure risk despite the declining MER. Swimmers may consider swimming after 19:00, when the total exposure risk is the lowest. Lowering water temperature and/or p H were identified as the most sensitive factors to minimize the overall health exposure risk.

关键词： Microbial risk chemical risk Giardia Swimming pool Disinfection

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Pesticides Exposure:The Case of Workers on Growing Grapes in San Francisco Valley,Petrolina/Brazil

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Agricultural Sciences 2014年第10期5卷 805-812页

作者： Francisco Alves Pinheiro Paulo Jose Adissi Department of Production Engineering Federal University of San Francisco ValleyJuazeiroBrazil Department of Production Engineering Federal University of ParaibaJoao PessoaBrazil

The objective of this work is to analyze the systems of application of pesticides used in harvesting grapes of the sub-medium San Francisco valley, in relation to the risks of occupational contamination. The manual, mechanized and semi mechanized systems of application, adopted by the grape growers of the city of Petrolina/PE, have been analyzed through a method of both quantitative and qualitative evaluation. In such a way, two production units were visited: a mid-sized company and another one from of the CODEVASF. Five simulations were carried out in four systems of pesticide application using the European entire body method. Pre-application processes, such as storage and dilution of pesticides, as well as post-application processes, including equipment maintenance, cleaning and storage of clothes used for the application process were also analyzed. The results show large differences in risk among the systems that were analyzed and better conditions offered by the agricultural company, which was seeking to obtain the certification process.

关键词： Agricultural Work Growing Grapes chemical risk Pesticides Exposure

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