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Effect of Adhesive Type on the Quality of Coconut Shell charcoal Briquettes Prepared by the Screw Extruder Machine

Journal of Renewable Materials 2024年第2期12卷 381-396页

作者： Samsudin Anis Deni Fajar Fitriyana Aldias Bahatmaka Muhammad Choirul Anwar Arsyad Zanadin Ramadhan Fajar Chairul Anam Raffanel Adi Permana Ahmad Jazilussurur Hakim Natalino Fonseca Da Silva Guterres Mateus De Sousa Da Silva Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversitas Negeri SemarangGunung patiSemarang50229Indonesia Arka Tama Indonesia Co.Ltd.KarawangWest Java41382Indonesia Department of Mechanical Engineering Dili Institute of TechnologyAi-meti Laran StreetDiliTimor Leste

Indonesia is one of the largest coconut-producing countries in the world.The utilization of coconut shell waste into briquettes will increase the selling value and become a great export opportunity.However,the effect of adhesives on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes made using screw extruder machine has not been widely studied.This study aims to determine the effect of adhesive type on the quality of coconut shell charcoal briquettes.The process of fabricating briquettes in this study included crushing,mixing,blending,pressing,and drying.In the mixing process,3 types of adhesives were used,namely tapioca flour(Briquette_1),cassava flour(Briquette_2),and modified cassava flour(Briquette_3)with a concentration of 5%of the weight of coconut shell charcoal powders.The quality of the resulting briquettes and commercial briquettes will be evaluated by moisture content,ash content,volatile matter,fixed carbon,calorific value,density,compressive,and drop test testing.The results of this research showed that the type of adhesive had a significant effect on the quality of the briquettes produced.Specimen Briquette_1 had better quality than commercial briquettes(Briquette_4)and other briquette specimens.The test results showed that Briquette_1 produced briquettes with better compressive strength and friability than the other specimens,at 6.95 N/mm^(2) and 4.44%,respectively.The moisture content,ash content,fixed carbon,and calorific value of Briquette_1 have met the requirements set by the Indonesian National Standard(SNI)number 01-6235-2000.Meanwhile,the volatile matter content and density of Briquette_1 are by the standards of Japan and the United States America(USA).

关键词： Coconut charcoal briquettes adhesive mixing blending pressing

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A synthesis of the Cretaceous wildfire record related to atmospheric oxygen levels?

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2024年第1期13卷 149-164页

作者： Da-Wei Lü Wen-Xu Du Zhi-Hui Zhang Yuan Gao Tian-Tian Wang Jin-Cheng Xu Ao-Cong Zhang Cheng-Shan Wang Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Minerals College of Earth Sciences and EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266590Shandong ProvinceChina School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of GeosciencesBejing 100083China Institute of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences(Bejing)Beijing 100083China

The Cretaceous was a significant greenhouse period in Earth's history with higher atmospheric CO_(2) levels and temperatures than today. Although evidence of combustion has been widely described from the Cretaceous deposits, our understanding of the spatiotemporal diversification pattern and process of the Cretaceous wildfires is still limited. In this study, we comprehensively synthesize a total of 271 published Cretaceous wildfire occurrences based on the by-products of burning, including fossil charcoal, pyrogenic inertinite(fossil charcoal in coal), and pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). Spatially, the dataset shows a distinctive distribution of reported wildfire evidence characterized by high concentration in the middle latitudinal areas of the Northern Hemisphere(30°N-60°N) over the Cretaceous. Temporally, an overall increasing trend of the reported wildfire data from the Early Cretaceous to the Late Cretaceous is coincident with higher atmospheric O_(2) levels. However, the spatial and temporal patterns may result from many types of factors, such as taphonomy, preservation, and researcher biases, instead of a real picture of the Cretaceous wildfire evolution. To better understand the spatiotemporal diversification of the Cretaceous wildfire, more investigations on the record of wildfire occurrences during this period would be necessary in the future.

关键词： Wildfire Cretaceous Atmospheric oxygen Taphonomy charcoal

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Spatial distribution of charcoal in topsoil and its potential determinants on the Tibetan Plateau

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第4期17卷 1059-1069页

作者： Yixuan WANG Chaoqun CAO Yanrong ZHANG Lina LIU Nannan WANG Wenjia LI Xianyong CAO Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation Group(ALPHA) State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemEnvironment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Life Sciences Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua 321004China

As an important proxy for investigating past fire activities,charcoal is often used to explore the characteristics of fire distribution and its relationships with vegetation,climate,and human activities.Research into the spatial distribution and environmental determinants for charcoal,however,is still limited.In this study,we identified and counted charcoal from topsoil samples covering the Tibetan Plateau using the pollen methodology,and investigated its relationships with vegetation net primary production(NPP),elevation,climate(precipitation,mean temperature of the coldest month and warmest month)and human population by boosted regression trees(BRT).Results reveal that the concentration of microscopic charcoal,macroscopic charcoal,and total charcoal all increase from south-west to north-east,which is consistent with the trend that the population density on the Tibetan Plateau is high in the east and low in the west,suggesting that an increase in human activity is likely to promote the occurrence of fire.The BRT modeling reveals that NPP,elevation,and mean temperature of the coldest month are important factors for total charcoal concentration on the Tibetan Plateau,and the frequency and intensity of fires further increase with increasing vegetation biomass,decreasing elevation,and decreasing mean temperature of the coldest month.The spatial variation characteristics of charcoal from topsoil on the Tibetan Plateau not only reflect well the spatial fire situation in the region,but also have a good indicative significance for vegetation,climate,and human activities.

关键词： BRT charcoal fire regime climate vegetation human activities

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A two dimensional Euler-Lagrangian model of wood gasification in a charcoal bed-Part II： Parameter influence and comparison

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Particuology 2017年第6期15卷 22-30页

作者： Stephan Gerber Michael Oevermann Freie Universitat Berlin Arnimallee 6 14195 Berlin Germany Chalmers University of Technology Department of Applied Mechanics Division of Combustion Gothenburg Sweden

A Euler-Lagrangian simulation was employed for a comprehensive parameter study of wood gasification in a fluidized charcoal bed. The parameters that were varied include the initial bed temperature, fuel mass flow rate, inert tar fraction, and kinetic energy losses caused by particle-particle and particle-wall colli- sions. The results of each parameter variation are compared with a base scenario, previously described in detail in Part I of this study （Gerber ＆ Oevermann, 2014）. The results are interpreted by comparing the reactor outlet temperature, averaged particle temperature, overall wood mass, overall charcoal mass, concentrations of several gaseous species, and axial barycenter data for particles obtained with differ- ent sets of parameters. The inert tar fraction and fuel mass flow rate are the most sensitive parameter, while the particle-particle and particle-wall contact parameters have only a small impact on the results. Increasing the reactive tar components by 19% almost doubled the amount of reactive tars at the reac- tor outlet, while decreasing the restitution coefficients of the particle collisions by 0.2 results in higher overall gas production but almost no change in bed height. Herein, our numerical results are discussed in detail while assessing the model restrictions.

关键词： Wood gasification simulation Gas-solid flow Discrete element method Pyrolysis Gasification charcoal

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Improved hydrogen storage properties of LiBH4 confined with activated charcoal by ball milling

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Rare Metals 2019年第4期38卷 321-326页

作者： He Zhou Xin-Hua Wang Hai-Zhen Liu Shi-Chao Gao Mi Yan State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials School of Materials Science & Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Transmission Technology Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute State Grid Corporation of China Beijing 102209 China

In order to enhance the hydrogen storage properties of LiBH4,activated charcoal (AC) was used as the scaffold to confine LiBH4 in this paper.Ball milling was used to prepare LiBH4/AC composites.Experimental results show that dehydrogenation properties of ball-milled LiBH4/AC (LiBH4/AC-BM) are greatly improved compared with that of pristine LiBH4,ball-milled LiBH4 (LiBH4-BM) and hand-milled LiBH4/AC (LiBH4/AC-HM).The onset dehydrogenation temperature of LiBH4 for LiBH4/AC-BM is around 160 ℃,which is 170 ℃ lower than that of pristine LiBH4.At around 400 ℃,LiBH4/AC-BM finishes the dehydrogenation with a hydrogen capacity of 13.6 wt%,which is approximately the theoretical dehydrogenation capacity of pure LiBH4 (13.8 wt%),while the dehydrogenation processes for LiBH4-BM and LiBH4/AC-BM do not finish even when they were heated to 600 ℃.The isothermal dehydriding measurements show that it takes only 15 min for LiBH4/AC-BM to reach a dehydrogenation capacity of 10.1 wt% at 350 ℃,whereas the pristine LiBH4 and the LiBH4/AC-HM release hydrogen less than 1 wt% under the same conditions.The dehydrogenation process and the effect of AC were discussed.

关键词： Hydrogen storage properties Hydrogen storage materials Lithium borohydride Activated charcoal

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Synthesis of SWNTs from charcoal by Arc-discharging

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2010年第2期25卷 194-196页

作者：范玮卫吕永康 Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province Taiyuan University of Technology

With charcoal as carbon source and FeS （20wt%） as catalyst, single-wall carbon nanotubes （SWNTs） were successfully produced by dc arc-discharge method. The analysis by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy clearly demonstrated that the SWNTs developed from charcoal achieved a high purity with diameter about 1.2 nm, and FTIR measurement showed the inner structural transformation of carbon source, in which functional groups and grapheme sheets were decomposed and then ordered into nanotubes. By this easy-get and relatively low cost material, the experimenal results clearly indicate that charcoal has the opportunity of reducing the cost of SWNTs production.

关键词： charcoal single-wall carbon nanotubes catalyst

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Fossil charcoal from the Middle Jurassic of the Ordos Basin,China and its paleoatmospheric implications

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Geoscience Frontiers 2012年第4期3卷 493-502页

作者： Lawrence H. Tanner Xin Wang Alesha C. Morabito Department of Biological Sciences Le Moyne College Syracuse NY 13214 USA State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008 China

The Yah＇an Formation of the Ordos Basin is a sequence of four members, consisting of si- liciclastic sediments deposited in alluvial, lacustrine and mire settings during the Middle Jurassic. Samples collected from Members Two and Four contain abundant blackened plant material identified through standard analytical techniques as fusain （fossil charcoal）. The occurrence of fusain in fluvial sandstones at multiple horizons in the outcrops, combined with the previously reported high concentra- tion of inertinite in the coals of Member One, indicates that paleowildfire was a common occurrence in the Ordos Basin during Yan＇an deposition. Sedimentary evidence from Yan＇an outcrops suggests that the paleoclimate was seasonal during deposition of Members Two through Four, which may have contributed to the wildfire frequency. The presence of fusain in the Yah＇an Formation indicates that atmospheric oxygen levels were clearly above the minimum required for sustained combustion during the Middle Jurassic. This conclusion contradicts previous geochemical models for paleoatmospheric composition, but supports more recent studies.

关键词： Fusain Paleoatmospheric oxygen Wildfire Ordos Basin Yan＇an Formation charcoal

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Biochar granulation reduces substrate erosion on green roofs

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Biochar 2022年第1期4卷 164-176页

作者： Wenxi Liao Melanie A.Sifton Sean C.Thomas Institute of Forestry and Conservation John H Daniels Faculty of Architecture Landscape and DesignUniversity of Toronto33 Willcocks St.TorontoON M5S 3B3Canada

Green roofs are exposed to high winds and harsh environmental conditions that can degrade vegetation and erode substrate material,with negative consequences to ecosystem services.Biochar has been promoted as an effective substrate additive to enhance plant performance,but unprocessed biochars are susceptible to wind and water erosion.Applications of granulated biochars or chemical dust suppressants are suggested as a means to mitigate biochar and substrate erosion;however,research on biochar type and chemical dust suppressant use on biochar and substrate erosion is lacking.Vegetation is a crucial factor that influences substrate erosion,yet plant responses may vary with biochar type and chemical dust suppressant;thus,the effects of possible mitigation measures on biochar and substrate erosion are unclear.We investigated the effects of surface-applied granulated and unprocessed biochars and an organic dust suppressant(Entac™)on biochar and substrate erosion on green roofs with Sedum album L.and a native plant mix.Our results show that 94%of unprocessed biochars were lost from green roofs after 2 years regardless of the Entac™amendment,likely due to the lightweight nature and fragmentation of biochar particles.In contrast,granulation of biochars reduced the biochar erosion and total substrate erosion by 74%and 39%,respec-tively,possibly due to enhanced biochar bulk density and particle size and improved moisture retention of biochar-amended substrates.Additionally,Sedum album better reduced biochar and substrate erosion than the native plant mix,likely due to rapid development of high vegetation cover that reduced wind exposure and enhanced substrate moisture retention.We conclude that applications of granulated biochars can substantially reduce biochar and sub-strate erosion on green roofs,improving green roof sustainability.

关键词： charcoal Post-processing Dust suppressant Erosion control Vegetation Green infrastructure

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Wildfire associated with a deciduous broadleaved forest from the Neogene Baoshan Basin at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

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古地理学报:英文版 2023年第3期12卷 448-462页

作者： Yong-Jiang Huang Arata Momohara Shu-Feng Li Xue-ping Ji Jian Qiu Lin-Bo Jia Jin-Jin Hu Yun-Heng Ji Zhe-Kun Zhou Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201Yunnan ProvinceChina Graduate School of Horticulture Chiba UniversityChiba 271-8510Japan Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMengla 666303Yunnan ProvinceChina Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650223Yunnan ProvinceChina School of Material and Chemical Engineering Southwest Forestry UniversityKunming 650224Yunnan ProvinceChina

Wildfire bears a close relationship with vegetation as its fuel source.The southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau witnesses frequent wildfires among various types of vegetation,whereas such wide in-teractions between wildfire and vegetation remain poorly studied from geological times.In this study,we reported a local fire using sedimentary macroscopic charcoals from the latest Miocene to early Pliocene of the Baoshan Basin in this region,and then inferred the local vegetation at the time of the fire event based chiefly on the coexistent fruit and seed fossil assemblage.Our taxonomic results show that the charcoal assemblage is probably dominated by broadleaved plants and the fruit and seed fossil assemblage is apparently dominated by Salix(Salicaceae)followed by Sambucus(Adoxaceae),suggesting a deciduous broadleaved forest in which the fire likely occurred.Under a seasonally dry climate associated with the Asian monsoon,this type of vegetation might be prone to natural fire,because in the wet rainy season the plants grew well to accumulate biofuel and in the dry season abundant ground litter resulting from leaf decay would be desiccated to become highly flammable.Due to the fire-tolerant habit of Salix as the dominant plant,the forest might be in return adapted to the fire event or even more fires that potentially followed.All these may suggest a close relationship between the fire event and the reconstructed vegetation.Our finding documents a new type of wildfire—vegetation interaction,namely the interaction between wildfire and deciduous broadleaved forest,from the geological past at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.It therefore sheds new light on the wildfire history coupling vegetation change in the region.

关键词： charcoal Fossil carpology Salix Sambucus Precipitation seasonality

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Repeated Wildfires in the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation(Aalenian and Bajocian Ages) in Northwestern China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第5期96卷 1752-1763页

作者： HOU Haihai SHAO Longyi LIANG Guodong TANG Yue ZHANG Huajie ZHANG Jiaqiang College of Mining Liaoning Technical UniversityFuxinLiaoning 123000China College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China Oil&Gas Resource Survey Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Land and ResourceBeijing 100029China

The coal-bearing strata in the southern Junggar Basin in northwestern China have recently attracted the attention of coal geologists. Its abundance of coal resources is of great interest as there is a potential of unlocking details about the palaeoclimatic information. Coal deposits have the capacity to record wildfire events, even those with inefficient combustions. To characterize wildfire events and palaeoclimatic history of the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation(Aalenian and Bajocian ages), 22 coal samples from borehole cores and coal mines in the southern Junggar Basin were collected and their macerals were analyzed. The results indicated that fusinite and semi-fusinite were the dominant components of inertinite with proportions of 35.27% and 54.67%, respectively. The presence of inertinite is an indicator that wildfires occurred at the time of peat land development, and the widespread occurrence suggests large scale wildfires during the Middle Jurassic. This study proposes a new parameter for the evaluation of wildfire features by combining burning frequency and burning temperature. The comprehensive evaluation index(CEI) was influenced by the lacustrine basin level and ancient plant types from a sequence framework. During the Middle Jurassic, most wildfires were surface fires with low level and ground fire with high level. High oxygen levels were estimated in the lower, middle, and upper members of the Xishanyao Formation with corresponding to 26.78%, 24.55%, and 23.55%, respectively. The high oxygen levels would be the primary cause of repeated wildfires in the Middle Jurassic. These results are helpful for understanding palaeoclimatic changes in the Middle Jurassic.

关键词： wildfire charcoal Middle Jurassic comprehensive evaluation index northwestern China

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