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Pesticide Exposure Levels and Risk Assessment in Operators Involved in the cashew Production in Côte d’Ivoire

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第1期13卷 86-104页

作者： Yao Stéphane Koffi James Halbin Kouadio Diakalia Son Research Group of Crop Production Quality Management Laboratory of Agrovalorisation UFR Agroforesterie Jean Lorougnon Guédé University Daloa C&#244 te d’Ivoire Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l’Environnement (Sy.N.A.I.E) Unité Santé des Plantes du Laboratoire Systèmes Naturels Institut du Développement Rural (IDR) Université Nazi Boni (UNB) Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

To assess the level of producers’ exposure and the health risk in relation to phytosanitary practices in cashew crops in C?te d’Ivoire, a descriptive longitudinal toxicological study was conducted in 2018-2019 with 76 cashew producers in the areas of Mankono, Dabakala and Bondoukou. The data collected permitted the assessment of phytosanitary risks on the health of producers according to the Quebec-IRPeQ pesticide risk indicators. Field observations translated into scenarios were used to determine the exposure levels of producers via the UK-POEM predictive model. The main active substances used were glyphosate, 2,4-D, cypermethrin, acetamiprid, lambdacyhalothrin, profenofos, imidacloprid, deltamethrin, mancozeb and metalaxyl. The risk indicators showed that 2,4-D (TRI = 1332.25;SRI = 432.98), profenofos (TRI = 2550.25;SRI = 637.56) and mancozeb (TRI = 841;SRI = 147.18) among herbicides, insecticides and fungicides respectively could have more adverse health effects after exposure. These findings translated into scenarios specifically showed high exposure of producers to herbicides, with exposure levels ranging from 1.31 mg/kg bw/day to 1.67 mg/kg bw/day, well above the acceptable operator’s exposure levels (AOEL). These health risks could be significantly reduced if the required personal protective equipment is worn. But, recommended doses of pesticides should be reconsidered, because in some cases, applicators exposure remained high despite the protective equipment.

关键词： cashew Pesticides Health Risks UK-POEM Côte d’Ivoire

Fungal Flora on Weeds in the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Orchard in Côte d’Ivoire

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第4期14卷 448-463页

作者： Traoré Aboulaye Soro Sibirina Ayemou A. R. Emmanuella Traoré-Ouattara Karidia Kouabenan Abo Koné Daouda Laboratory for the Improvement of Agricultural Production UFR Agroforestry Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa C&#244te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Phytopathology and Plant Biology Department of Training and Research in Agriculture and Animal Resources Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphou&#235t-Boigny (INPHB) Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (CEA-CCBAD) Université Félix Houphou&#235t-Boigny (UFHB) Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

Since 2015, Côte d’Ivoire has been the world’s largest cashew producer. However, cashew orchards in Côte d’Ivoire are infected by fungal diseases that weaken production. And the contribution of weeds to the spread of these diseases is not yet understood. This study was initiated with the aim of establishing the role of weeds in the proliferation of pathogenic fungi in orchards. It consisted of a survey of weeds showing disease symptoms in cashew orchards in Côte d’Ivoire from February 2021 to July 2022. The itinerant method was used for the weed inventory. Symptomatic leaves were collected and sent to the laboratory for diagnosis on PDA (Potatoes Dextrose Agar) medium. In total, 50 species in 46 genera and 23 families were recorded. Laboratory diagnosis of the samples showed that 80% of the weeds identified harboured pathogenic fungi. The highest infection rates were obtained on Danielia oliveri R. (99.33% to 100%), Vitellaria paradoxa G. (100%), Pterocarpus erinaceus P. (83.91% to 99.33%), Micuna pruriens L. (98.33% to 100%) and Isoberlinia doka C. et S. (56.33% to 100%). The diagnosis revealed the presence of Lasiodiplodia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Pestalotia sp, Alternaria sp and Curvularia sp on weeds in the cashew orchard in Côte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Weed Infection Rate Symptoms cashew Côte d’Ivoire

Local Knowledge of Farmer Communities in the Use of Organic Fertilizers to Increase cashew Production in Buton Utara Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

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Journal of Sociology Study 2023年第4期13卷 188-195页

作者： Syahrun La Niampe Rahmat Sewa Suraya La Ode Topo Jers Laxmi Alias La Aso Department of Archeology Cultural Studies FacultyKampus Hijau Bumi TridharmaHalu Oleo UniversitySoutheast CelebesIndonesia

Local knowledge has an important role in agricultural practices.This study aims to describe the local knowledge of farming communities about the use of organic fertilizers as a strategy to increase cashew production in Buton Utara Regency,Southeast Celebes,Indonesia.The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques using in-depth interviews and observation.The research results showed that the farming community in this area has in-depth local knowledge of how to make and apply effective organic fertilizers sourced from the surrounding natural environment.However,there are challenges in access to the organic materials needed and constraints in the widespread implementation of organic fertilizers.This study recommends strengthening education and training programs to increase farmers’awareness and skills in using organic fertilizers.

关键词： local knowledge farmers organic fertilizers cashew

Synthesis of Poly(APP-co-EGDMA) Particles Using Monomers Derived from cashew Nut Shell Liquid for the Removal of Cr(III) from Aqueous Solutions

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Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials 2014年第1期4卷 29-36页

作者： Joseph Wilson Joseph Yoeza Naimani Philip James Epiphan Gabriel Mdoe Chemistry Department University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Chemistry St. John’s University of Tanzania Dodoma Tanzania

This work was aimed at synthesizing cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) based polymer particles for adsorption of Cr(III) ions from aqueous solutions. Natural CNSL was used as a starting material in synthesizing amino pentadecylphenols (APP). This was achieved through isolating anacardic acid from the CNSL via calcium anacardate procedure, followed by hydrogenation of the alkenyl side chains, and subsequently decarboxylating the product to form 3-pentadecylphenol, which was then nitrated and reduced to a mixture of APP. APP were co-polymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to form poly(APP-co-EGDMA) particles. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by Fourier Transform IR and 1H-NMR. The co-polymer particles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to establish their morphological properties. The prepared co-polymer particles were found to have-NH loading of 46 mmol/g and a maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(III) ions of 16 mg per g of dry polymer particles. The spent polymer particles were recoverable and reusable.

关键词： cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Amino Pentadecylphenols (APP) Poly(APP-co-EGDMA)

cashew Nut Shell Liquid(CNSL)Based Bio-Derived Resin And Composites for Advanced Structural,Automotive,Electronic Packaging and Medical applications-A Review

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Organic Polymer Material Research 2019年第2期1卷 9-13页

作者： Padmanabhan Krishnan Department of Manufacturing Engineering School of Mechanical EngineeringVITVellore632014India

As India is a world class producer of sugarcane,sugar beet,other tubers like potato and vegetables with starch,cashew and badam,castor oil and soybean,the quantum of bio resins and bio plastics that can be produced from these conventional,organic and genetically modified plants is immense.As on date,advanced and state of the art plastics and composites are being used in many applications as there is no incentive for farmers to produce plants and vegetables for the plastics and resins market exclusively.The use of advanced composites in varied applications escalates costs and shifts the material consumption that would deplete the natural resources,through excessive usage at one end and lack of demand for natural resources at the other end as bio derived composites become under-utilized.This review paper attempts to project the actual possibilities of the bio resin and bio plastic market in this country and provides the knowhow for the production of bio-phenolic cashew nut shell resin which are more than a substitute for the synthetically produced epoxies.Their true potentialities in composites product applications involving structural,thermal,electronic,pharmaceutical and petroleum engineering markets is discussed in this paper.A novel working model with an economically feasible option is also provided for those concerned about their safe disposal,recycling,reuse and conversion into useable fuel with virtually no impact to the environment.cashew Nut Shell Liquid(CNSL)is an abundant natural source for synthesizing phenolic compounds.The excellent monomer,Cardanol is isolated from CNSL for polymer production.These are polymerized with aldehydes and acids at a particular mole fraction in the presence of catalysts like alkalis to convert into rigid resins.Differential Scanning Calorimetric(DSC)and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis(TGA)were studied for the thermal characterization of the synthesized CNSL Resins.Characterization of the synthesized resins was also carried out with respect to the evaluated mechanical properties

关键词： cashew Nut Shell Liquid(CNSL)Resin Hardness Tensile Properties DSC Thermo Gravimetric Analysis(TGA) Fracture toughness Vibration damping Natural frequencies Di-electric Constant Electronic packaging Genetic modification Waste plastics to fuel

Skin Damage and Aesthetic Disadvantage Observed in Women in the Hand Craft Shelling Chain of cashew Nuts in a Factory to Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

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Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications 2017年第3期7卷 211-220页

作者： Jean-Baptiste Andonaba Sandrine Sanou Lompo Vincent Ouédraogo Flore Ouédraogo Muriel S. Ouédraogo Issouf Konaté Boukary Diallo Adama Traoré INSSA Université Nazi Boni de Bobo-Dioulasso Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso UFR/SDS Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo de Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Introduction: Occupational dermatitis has long been an unforeseen consequence of industrial progress. Today, most occupational diseases are dermatosis throughout the world. The morbidity and the various prejudices concern different actors, especially those of the cashew industry in Bobo-Dioulasso to Burkina Faso. We considered it appropriate to conduct this study in women who handle cashew nuts in the cashew nut shelling station at a factory. The aim is to contribute to the search for preventive and curative solutions adapted to this health risk. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study with a descriptive purpose in May 2016. The study involved 112 women present in the factory in the shelling unit and having given their approval during our visit. This station is occupied by 118 women. Results: The prevalence of all dermatosis and dermatitis was estimated respectively at 98.21% and 88.39%. The manual shelling station with a shearing machine was exclusively occupied by illiterate women (72.3%) without personal protective equipment, with an average age of 33.74 ± 8.49 years. Among the clinical forms of contact dermatitis, the erythematous contact dermatitis was most observed (86.4%), followed by palmar keratoderma (70.9%), nail disorders (33.6%) and chemical burns (30%). The implication of cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) was established with identified promoting factors. Aesthetic damage related to hand injuries had a significant psychosocial impact in 97.32% of cases. Discussion: Few studies exist on dermatitis and the health impacts in the reality of cashew because they reach vulnerable subjects without social welfare and health protection. The cashew nuts shell contains a highly irritating brown oily liquid. Dermatitis occurs during contact with this oily juice. The international literature reports this corrosive effect throughout the history of the chain. Human factors, technical factors and work environment aggravate the situation and compromize workwomen health. Conclusion: cashew huskers had derma

关键词： Dermatitis Aesthetic Shelling Unit cashew Anacardic Acid Burkina Faso

Effects of cashew Seeds Storage Duration on Germination and Performance of Seedlings in Tanzania

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2020年第11期11卷 1784-1796页

作者： Abdallah R. Makale Wilson A. Nene Fortunus A. Kapinga Kasinga N. Ndibanya Tanzania Agriculture Research Institute-Naliendele Cashew Research Program Mtwara Tanzania

A field trial was set in 2018/2019 season to investigate the capacity of cashew seeds to germinate and its vegetative performance with respect to the storage period at Agricultural Research Institute-(TARI-Naliendele), Mtwara-Tanzania. The variable investigated was the duration of the cashew seeds storage period. Cashew seeds were harvested at polyclonal seed gardens (PSG) for three harvesting seasons 2016, 2017 and 2018 consecutively;seeds were sorted, weighed and soaked before sowing to test viability in respective to storage time. Using a randomized complete block design obeying factorial approach the experiment was laid with three replications. The observed growth parameters were height (cm), number of leaves, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf area (sq cm), leaf area index (LAI), canopy diameter (cm) and seedlings canopy ground area (sq cm). The analysis was done by using GenStat under Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on seed germination. The findings indicated that cashew seeds harvested in 2018 were the superior in both germination and growth vigor differing significantly (p

关键词： cashew Storage Period Seeds Germination Growth Vigor

Structural Stability and Accumulation of Organic Matter in Some Soils under cashew Tree Orchards in the Department of Touba in North-West Cote d’Ivoire

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2020年第5期10卷 181-193页

作者： Alui Konan Alphonse Ballo Koffi Celestin Kouassi Kouakou Joselin Yao-Kouame Albert UFR of Biological Sciences Geosciences DepartmentPedagogical and Research Unit(UPR)of Agro-PedologyPeleforo University Gon CoulibalyKorhogoCote d’Ivoire National Center for Agronomic Research AbidjanCote d’Ivoire UFR of Earth Sciences and Mining Resources Department of Soil SciencesFelix Houphoüet-Boigny UniversityAbidjanCote d’Ivoire

Degradation of the physical quality of the soil is a common problem encountered in agrosystems, particularly in the case of open field cropping systems in the northern areas of Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the structural stability of the soil, which is a good indicator of the sensitivity to threshing and to water erosion in relation to the accumulation of organic matter, was evaluated in two types of soil (Ferralsol and Cambisol) in cashew orchards, in two villages (Mahana and Sanankoro) producing cashew nuts, located the Department of Touba in the North West of Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study is to develop new technical routes that are better suited to further promote the sequestration of organic carbon in the soil. Soil samples were taken from open soil profiles at the two chosen sites to allow laboratory analyzes. The results indicate that the surface horizon of Cambisol (site 1) is more stable (Is = 0.78) than that of Ferralsol (site 2;Is = 1.08) with nevertheless relatively small thicknesses of horizons. The median horizons and those of depth, indicate a mediocre stability (Is vary from 1.03 to 1.62). In terms of the quantity of organic carbon, the estimated values vary from 1.96 to 4.53 t⋅ha−1 for Cambisol (site 1) and from 1.44 to 3.46 t⋅ha−1 for Ferralsol (site 2). These values remain relatively low especially at the level of the median horizons and those located in depths. Statistical tests have shown a very highly significant and negative association between the structural stability of soils and the amount of organic carbon in the different horizons. The relationship implies that organic carbon plays an important role in the structural stability of soil horizons under cashew tree orchards.

关键词： Structural Stability Organic Carbon Soils cashew Cote d’Ivoire

Evaluation of Potential cashew Clones for Utilization in Ghana

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2014年第4期4卷 232-239页

作者： Abu Mustapha Dadzie Paul Kwesi Krah Adu-Gyamfi Stephen Yaw Opoku Julius Yeboah Abraham Akpertey Kwabena Opoku-Ameyaw Michael Assuah Esther Gyedu-Akoto Wiseborn Bismark Danquah Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) Tafo-Akim Ghana Department of Plant Pathology University of California Davis USA

cashew (Anacardium occidentale L) is an important cash crop cultivated by about 3 million households in Africa and serves as the livelihood for many African farmers, especially Ghana. Despite the importance of cashew as a commodity crop with increasing cultivation in Northern Ghana, the crop is challenged with problems such as, low and variable nut yields, low kernel out turn percentage and susceptibility to insect pests as a result of establishing cashew farms with unselected seeds. In order to address the challenges, the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana established a clonal evaluation trial in Northern Ghana (dry savanna vegetation) to indentify promising clones for subsequent distribution to cashew farmers as an interim measure. The trials consisted of ten different clones planted in Randomised Completed Block Design (RCBD) with four replicates. Parameters evaluated were yield, yield efficiency, nut weight, percentage out turn and canopy area. Data analysis was performed with Gen Stat version 11.0 and the results revealed significant differences (P cashew trees in farmers’ fields. Clones W266 and W278 seem outstanding for most of the parameters considered, though not exclusive.

关键词： cashew Clone Yield Kernel and Efficiency