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Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Antifungal Resistance Profile of candida auris in Africa: Systematic Review

Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第1期12卷 126-149页

作者： Isidore Wendkièta Yerbanga Seydou Nakanabo Diallo Toussaint Rouamba Delwendé Florence Ouedraogo Katrien Lagrou Rita Oladele Jean-Pierre Gangneux Olivier Denis Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos Isabel Montesinos Sanata Bamba Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Régional de Ouahigouya Ouahigouya Burkina Faso Ecole Doctorale des Sciences De la Santé Université Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Centre Muraz/Institut National de Santé Publique Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institute for Research in Health Sciences National Center for Scientific and Technological Research Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium and Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Mycosis Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM) University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium College of Medicine University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Univ Rennes CHU Rennes Inserm Irset (Institut de recherche en santé environnement et travail) European ECMM Excellence Center in Medical Mycology Université de Rennes Rennes France Department of Microbiology CHU Namur site-Godinne Université Catholique de Louvain Yvoir Belgium Ecole de Santé Publique Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium Department of Microbiology Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc—Université Catholique de Louvain Bruxelles Belgium Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sour? Sanou Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

candida auris since it discovery in 2009 is becoming a severe threat to human health due to its very quickly spread, its worldwide high resistance to systemic antifungal drugs. In resource-constrained settings where several conditions are met for its emergence and spread, this worrisome fungus could cause large hospital and/or community-based outbreaks. This review aimed to summarize the available data on C. auris in Africa focusing on its epidemiology and antifungal resistance profile. Major databases were searched for articles on the epidemiology and antifungal resistance profile of C. auris in Africa. Out of 2,521 articles identified 22 met the inclusion criteria. In Africa, nearly 89% of African countries have no published data on C. auris. The prevalence of C. auris in Africa was 8.74%. The case fatality rate of C. auris infection in Africa was 39.46%. The main C. auris risk factors reported in Africa were cardiovascular disease, renal failure, diabetes, HIV, recent intake of antimicrobial drugs, ICU admissions, surgery, hemodialysis, parenteral nutrition and indwelling devices. Four phylogenetic clades were reported in Africa, namely clades I, II, III and IV. candida auris showed a pan-African very high resistance rate to fluconazole, moderate resistance to amphotericin B, and high susceptibility to echinocandins. Finally, C. auris clade-specific mutations were observed within the ERG2, ERG3, ERG9, ERG11, FKS1, TAC1b and MRR1 genes in Africa. This systematic review showed the presence of C. auris in the African continent and a worrying unavailability of data on this resilient fungus in most African countries.

关键词： Africa Antifungal Resistance candida auris Clinical Features Phylogenetic Clades

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Mathematical analysis of a candida auris nosocomial infection model on the effects of misidentification in infection transmission

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2023年第2期16卷 257-274页

作者： R.Lavanya U.K.Shyni Departmentof Mathematics Coimbatore Institute of Technology Coimbatore Tamil NaduIndia

The aim of this research paper is to model the effects of misidentification in the transmissiondynamics of the super yeast, candida auris (or C. auris), among patients receivingtreatment in the Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The mathematical analysis is carried outby obtaining the reproduction number of the C. auris model using the next generationmatrix and utilizing it as a threshold value to establish the local and global stabilityproperties at the points of equilibria. The numerical investigations carried out in thispaper establish the outcomes of the effect of variations in the values of important parameterson the dynamics of C. auris colonization and infections in the health care settings.The corresponding results from the numerical simulations are illustrated graphically.

关键词： Mathematical modeling candida auris nosocomial infections local stability global stability numerical simulation

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Biofilm-forming fluconazole-resistant candida auris causing vulvovaginal candidiasis in an immunocompetent patient: A case report

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2021年第2期14卷 94-96页

作者： Lakshmi Krishnasamy Jayasankari Senthilganesh Chitralekha Saikumar Paramasivam Nithyanand Department of Microbiology Sree Balaji Medical College and HospitalChennai-600044Bharath Institute of Higher Education and ResearchIndia Biofilm Biology Laboratory Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases(CRID)School of Chemical and BiotechnologySASTRA Deemed UniversityTirumalaisamudramThanjavur 613401Tamil NaduIndia

Rationale:candida auris is a potential emerging pathogen among candida and causes serious health threats globally.Patient concerns:We reported a case of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by candida auris.A 26-year-old female presented with complaints of vaginal discharge,itching and low back pain.Diagnosis:High vaginal swab culture yielded candida.The strain was confirmed as candida auris by amplification and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region.Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed that the isolate was resistant to fluconazole,amphotericin B and clotrimazole and susceptible to ketoconazole and nystatin.The isolate also exhibited biofilm forming ability.Interventions:Her symptoms did not subside with initial management with fluconazole and clotrimazole.Later,she was started on ketoconazole therapy.The patient responded well to ketoconazole.Outcome and lessons:To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report about the presence of a drug resistant biofilm forming candida auris strain isolated from a vaginal swab sample from Chennai area.Biofilm forming ability might contribute to its drug resistance.Nucleic acid analysis helps in rapid and accurate identification of such rare species.

关键词： candida auris Resistance Biofilm Scanning electron microscopy

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One Step Multiplex PCR for Identification of candida haemulonii complex and Candia auris

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Advances in Microbiology 2023年第12期13卷 602-613页

作者： Mana Fuchigami Osamu Tsuzukibashi Akira Fukatsu Koji Umezawa Sachiyo Hayashi Yuji Takahashi Hiroshi Yamamoto Chiaki Komine Mio Hagiwara-Hamano Yukiko Iizuka Satoshi Uchibori Masanobu Wakami Hiroshi Murakami Taira Kobayashi Masahiko Fukumoto Department of Laboratory Medicine for Dentistry for the Compromised Patient School of Dentistry at Matsudo Nihon University Chiba Japan Department of Special Needs Dentistry School of Dentistry at Matsudo Nihon University Chiba Japan Department of Oral Implantology School of Dentistry at Matsudo Nihon University Chiba Japan Department of Oral Surgery School of Dentistry at Matsudo Nihon University Chiba Japan Department of Fixed Prosthodontics School of Dentistry at Matsudo Nihon University Chiba Japan

Purpose: Recently, candida haemulonii complex (candida haemulonii, candida duobushaemulonii and candida haemulonii var. vulnera) and two genetically close species (candida pseudohaemulonii and candida auris) have emerged as an opportunistic fungal pathogen associated with various infectious diseases of humans, and most of those isolates have displayed antifungal resistance. Because it is difficult to differentiate these microorganisms by a current technique, unfortunately, it is important to establish a method for identifying them accurately. The purpose of the present study was to design species-specific primers in order to identify and detect C. auris, C. pseudohaemulonii, and C. haemulonii complex, i.e. , C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii and C. haemulonii var. vulnera using a multiplex PCR. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed based on partial sequences of the 26S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and RPB1 genes and ITS region of five candida species. Results: The multiplex PCR method developed in this study was able to distinguish five candida species clearly. Conclusion: Our developed one-step multiplex PCR method is accurate, specific, cost-effective, time-saving, and works without requiring DNA extraction.

关键词： Genus candida candida haemulonii complex Multiplex PCR candida auris

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Severe candida infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19

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Journal of Intensive Medicine 2023年第4期3卷 291-297页

作者： Despoina Koulenti Marios Karvouniaris Elisabeth Paramythiotou Nikolaos Koliakos Nikolaos Markou Paschalis Paranos Joseph Meletiadis Stijn Blot Second Critical Care Department Attikon University HospitalAthensGreece UQ Centre for Clinical Research Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia Intensive Care Unit ACHEPA University HospitalThessalonikiGreece ICU of Latseio Burns Centre General Hospital of Elefsis‘Thriasio’AthensGreece Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Medical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAttikon University HospitalAthensGreece Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Ghent UniversityGhentBelgium

The frequency of co-infections with bacterial or fungal pathogens has constantly increased among critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)during the pandemic.Candidemia was the most frequently reported invasive fungal co-infection.The onset of candidemia in COVID-19 patients was often delayed compared to non-COVID-19 patients.Additionally,candida invasive infections in COVID-19 patients were more often linked to invasive procedures(e.g.,invasive mechanical ventilation or renal replacement therapy)during the intensive care stay and the severity of illness rather than more“classic”risk factors present in patients without COVID-19(e.g.,underlying diseases and prior hospitalization).Moreover,apart from the increased incidence of candidemia during the pandemic,a worrying rise in fluconazole-resistant strains was reported,including a rise in the multidrug-resistant candida auris.Regarding outcomes,the development of invasive candida co-infection had a negative impact,increasing morbidity and mortality compared to non-co-infected COVID-19 patients.In this narrative review,we present and critically discuss information on the diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infections caused by candida spp.in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

关键词： Critical illness COVID-19 Antifungals Candidiasis candida spp. candida auris

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The world’s ten most feared fungi

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Fungal Diversity 2018年第6期93卷 161-194页

作者： Kevin D.Hyde Abdullah M.S.Al-Hatmi Birgitte Andersen Teun Boekhout Walter Buzina Thomas L.Dawson Jr. Dan C.Eastwood E.B.Gareth Jones Sybren de Hoog Yingqian Kang Joyce E.Longcore Eric H.C.McKenzie Jacques F.Meis Laetitia Pinson-Gadais Achala R.Rathnayaka Florence Richard-Forget Marc Stadler Bart Theelen Benjarong Thongbai Clement K.M.Tsui Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Ministry of Health Directorate General of Health ServicesIbriOman Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine Technical University of Denmark2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics(IBED) University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute UtrechtThe Netherlands R&D Institute for Hygiene Microbiology and Environmental MedicineMedical University GrazNeue Stiftingtalstrasse 68010 GrazAustria Institute for Medical Biology(IMB) Agency for ScienceTechnologyand Research(A_(*)STAR)SingaporeSingapore Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Center for Cell DeathInjury and RegenerationMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA Department of Bioscience Academic Office102First FloorWallace BuildingSwansea UniversitySingleton CampusSwanseaWalesUK Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital(CWZ) NijmegenThe Netherlands Portsmouth Hampshire PO53DHUK Department of Microbiology and the Key Laboratory of Proteomics Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina School of Biology and Ecology University of MaineOronoME 04469USA Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital(CWZ)NijmegenThe Netherlands INRA UR1264 MycSA71 av Edouard Bourlaux2003233882 Villenave D’Ornon CedexFrance Department Microbial Drugs Helmholtz Centre for Infection Researchand German Centre for Infection Research(DZIF)Partner Site Hannover-BraunschweigInhoffenstraße 738124 BraunschweingGermany Department of Pathology Sidra MedicineDohaQatar Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Weill Corne

An account is provided of the world’s ten most feared fungi.Within areas of interest,we have organized the entries in the order of concern.We put four human pathogens first as this is of concern to most people.This is followed by fungi producing mycotoxins that are highly harmful for humans;Aspergillus flavus,the main producer of aflatoxins,was used as an example.Problems due to indoor air fungi may also directly affect our health and we use Stachybotrys chartarum as an example.Not everyone collects and eats edible mushrooms.However,fatalities caused by mushroom intoxications often make news headlines and therefore we include one of the most poisonous of all mushrooms,Amanita phalloides,as an example.We then move on to the fungi that damage our dwellings causing serious anxiety by rotting our timber structures and flooring.Serpula lacrymans,which causes dry rot is an excellent example.The next example serves to represent all plant and forest pathogens.Here we chose Austropuccinia psidii as it is causing devastating effects in Australia and will probably do likewise in New Zealand.Finally,we chose an important amphibian pathogen which is causing serious declines in the numbers of frogs and other amphibians worldwide.Although we target the top ten most feared fungi,numerous others are causing serious concern to human health,plant production,forestry,other animals and our factories and dwellings.By highlighting ten feared fungi as an example,we aim to promote public awareness of the cost and importance of fungi.

关键词： Aflatoxicosis Batrachochytrium candida auris Frog decline Poisonous fungi Human pathogens Indoor fungi Forest pathogens Wood decay

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