检索结果-南通市图书馆

Agent Blue Spraying in the Mekong Delta during the Vietnam War: Fate of the Arsenic Based Herbicide Weapon Used to Destroy Rice Crop and Mangrove Forests

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第7期12卷 253-294页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Larry Cihacek College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA School of Natural Resource Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo North Dakota USA

Agent Blue, a mixture of cacodylic acid (CH3) As O2H) and sodium cacodylate (C2H6 AsNaO2), was a tactical arsenic-based herbicide used during the Vietnam War to destroy grasses and rice crops. Natural and synthetic sources of arsenic can degrade into water-soluble forms and persist in groundwater and potentially contribute to elevating As levels in drinking water. The United States Department of Defense (DOD) and United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) Operation Ranch Hand records for tactical herbicides including Agent Blue sprayed in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1961-1971) are very detailed, rather complete and publicly available. The same is not true for tactical herbicides sprayed by the Republic of Vietnam (RV) during the Khai Quang program which was supported by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Mekong Delta. Agent Blue was sprayed by the RV military for three years before the official start of the American-Vietnam War. Few, if any, RV military, US Army, US Navy and CIA spray records exist from 1962 to 1965. Vietnam War veterans, historians and scholars have reported the spraying of 3.2 million liters (468,008 kg As) of Agent Blue on rice paddies and mangrove forests in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands by the RV military with the support of the US Army, US Navy and CIA. The Institute of Medicine estimated that 3.2 million liters (468,000 kg As) were sprayed during the RV Khai Quang program. This was in addition to the U.S. Air Force’s Operation Ranch Hand spraying of the tactical herbicide Agent Blue primarily by C-123 aircraft. The Operation Ranch Hand missions maintained location and quantities of herbicides sprayed (over 4,712,000 liters (664,392 kg As) from 1961-1971. The RV military and US military (Army and Navy) spray equipment included hand and backpack sprayers, sprayers mounted on Brown Water Navy boats, on Army track vehicles and Army

关键词： Operation Ranch Hand Khai Quang program Agent Blue Arsenic cacodylic acid North Vietnam Army Republic of Vietnam Democratic Republic of Vietnam American-Vietnam War

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Review and Analysis: Fate of Arsenic Applied to Canal Shipping Lane Vegetation and United States Military Base Grounds in the Panama Canal Zone

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第10期13卷 391-413页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 increased the availability of internationally traded goods and transformed ocean-shipping by shortening travel time between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The canal sparked the growth of port authorities and increased ship tonnage on both coasts of Panama. Since the construction of the Panama Canal, in the 1910s, pesticides, herbicides and chemicals, including arsenic, have been essential for controlling wetland vegetation, including hyacinth, which blocked rivers, lakes, and the canal as well as managing mosquitoes. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun (reservoir) either attached to sediment or in solution during the monsoon season. Lake Gatun was the drinking water source for most of the people living in the Panama Canal Zone. The United States military base commanders had the ability to order and use cacodylic acid (arsenic based) from the Naval Depot Supply Federal and Stock Catalog and the later Federal Supply Catalog on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. cacodylic acid was shipped to Panama Canal Zone ports, including Balboa and Cristobal, and distributed to the military bases by rail or truck. The objective of this study is to determine the fate of arsenic: 1) applied between 1914 and 1935 to Panama Canal shipping lane hyacinth and other wetland vegetation and 2) cacodylic acid (arsenic) sprayed from 1948 to 1999 on the US military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone.

关键词： Panama Canal Arsenic Hyacinth Lake Gatun Shipping Lanes cacodylic acid

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Agent Orange Chemical Plant Locations in the United States and Canada: Environmental and Human Health Impacts

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第8期12卷 363-426页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson David R. Speidel U.S. Army Vietnam Era Veteran and Professor Emeritus of Soil Science in Department of Natural Resources College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Army Iraq Mosul and Balad Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Baqubah and Mahmudiyah Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Washington DC USA

During the Vietnam War, millions of liters of six tactical herbicides were sprayed on the southern Vietnam landscape to defoliate forests, to clear military perimeters and to destroy enemy food supplies. The environmental and human health impacts of spraying these herbicides, especially Agent Orange and those formulated with mixtures that included 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) which was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been documented over the last 60 years. The dioxin TCDD clean-up efforts at former military bases and other Vietnam hotspots are ongoing. However, the lesser-told story was the environmental and human health impacts on the communities and chemical plant workers who manufactured Agent Orange and other herbicides that became contaminated with dioxin TCDD in the manufacturing processes at seven locations in the United States and one site in Canada. The pollution at these chemical plant sites, adjacent rivers and groundwater is well known within each affected state or province but not widely recognized beyond their localities. In this paper we assess the national long-term effects on land, groundwater and river resources where Agent Orange and other agricultural herbicides containing 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD were manufactured, transported, and temporarily stored. The sites where residual tactical herbicides with contaminated by-products were applied to public lands or disposed of by military and civilian workers within the United States and Canada are identified. After 60 years, these communities are still paying the price for the U.S. Government, DOD and USDA decisions to provide and use agricultural herbicides as tactical chemical weapons during the Vietnam War (1962-1971). There have been human health issues associated with the chemical manufacture, transport, storage and disposal of these herbicides related to workers who moved these chemical weapons from United States and Canada to SE

关键词： Dioxin TCDD Arsenic Chemical Plant Workers Chloracne Cancer Herbicides cacodylic acid Monsanto Dow Nitro Midland Elmira Uniroyal Times Beach Missouri Gagetown Incineration Certified Landfill Environmental Covenants

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Natural and Anthropic Sources of Arsenic in the Groundwater and Soils of the Mekong Delta

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第11期12卷 541-570页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Khoi Minh Chau College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA College of Agriculture Can Tho University Can Tho Vietnam

Human exposure to arsenic (As) is primarily through drinking water and food ingestion. Arsenic is naturally present in the environment and has been known as “the king of poisons” since the Middle Ages. It is mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic and approximately 70% comes from ingested food and 29% from water. Once ingested, arsenic can bio-accumulate in the human body or be excreted. Arsenic in groundwater is a main source of As in humans and the two arsenicals most abundant in water are arsenite (+3 oxidation state) and arsenate (+5 oxidation state). In order of toxicity from the most toxic to least toxic are arsines, arsenites, arsenoxides, arsenates, pentavalent arsenicals, Arsenic compounds, and metallic arsenic. Arsenic accumulates in the body when ingested in small doses. It often takes decades before physical symptoms of As poisoning show. While As is element normally found in the human body, it is highly toxic in excess amounts. The lethal dose for rates is 48 μg/L which translates to 125 mg for a middle-aged male. The maximum safe limit for As ingestion for an average Vietnamese middle-aged male is 220 μg per day. This lethal dosage puts As in a highly toxic category in food and toxicology. Most of the As in the Mekong Delta groundwater is from natural alluvial sediment sources. Other anthropic sources include the burial of millions of Vietnamese with elevated As levels since 1962, industrial sources, smelting by-products, water treatment plants, sewage and wastewater treatment discharges into waterways have added to the Mekong Delta As levels in the soil and groundwater. However, Agent Blue, the As-based herbicide, used during the Vietnam War, did contribute a significant amount (over 1,132,400 kg of manufactured (anthropic) As) to Southern Vietnam landscape. The As spikes and levels in the Mekong Delta soils and groundwater need restoration. The uptake of trace amounts of As in rice is indeed a critical food security and human health issue and requir

关键词： Arsenic Mekong Delta Anthropic Arsenic Agent Blue Khai Hoang cacodylic acid Water Treatment Plants

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

How United States Agricultural Herbicides Became Military and Environmental Chemical Weapons: Historical and Residual Effects

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第2期12卷 13-81页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Larry Cihacek Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA School of Natural Resource Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo USA

Discoveries in Charles Darwin’s laboratory led to modern herbicides. Darwin discovered the internal mechanism that directed plants to grow toward sunlight and sources of water. Scientists in Europe and America later called this mechanism a plant’s hormone response system. Administrators and scientists, including Dr. Ezra J. Kraus, the Head of the Botany Department at the University of Chicago and a plant physiologist, suggested on the eve of WWII that weed killers had significant military value as chemical weapons. Dr. Kraus obtained access to a synthetic chemical, 2,4-D, and found that when the chemical was absorbed through the leaves of plants, it destroyed a plant’s hormones. After exposure, the plant experienced rapid and uncontrolled growth, and then the leaves shriveled, died and fell off. Dr. Kraus obtained funding for his Department of Botany research program from Department of Defense (DOD) during World War II (WWII). Camp Detrick (Biological Weapons Laboratory) scientists later obtained samples of newly created 2,4,5-T which contained unknown amounts of the by-product dioxin TCDD. In the 1950s and 1960s, Fort Detrick military scientists formulated the herbicide Agent Orange, which was a 50 - 50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. These dual purpose herbicides were used by DOD and USDA. American and European farmers in the 1940s used 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T to eliminate weeds from pastureland and cropland. After WWII, synthetic herbicides (and pesticides) development continued in tandem with production of synthetic fertilizers and breeding of high-yield plant varieties. These new agricultural products were then shipped worldwide to increase crop yields, as part of the Green Revolution. This new system of agricultural technologies was intended to eliminate global starvation and increase food security by increasing field and farm crop yields. In contrast, the goal of military use of herbicides, as chemical weapons, was to defoliate jungle forests and destroy food crops a

关键词： Agent Orange Agent Blue Dioxin TCDD cacodylic acid Arsenic Environmental Weapons Chemical Weapons Ecocide TIBA 2 4-D 2 4 5 -T Ezra J. Kraus Arthur W. Galston Green Revolution Agricultural Herbicides

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

Agent Blue: A Secret Military and Environmental Chemical Weapon Used for Food Denial in South Vietnam during the Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)

引用

Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第3期13卷 151-186页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

During the last 60 years, the southern Vietnam environment and Vietnamese living in the Mekong Delta have bio-accumulated arsenic from natural and anthropic (Vietnam Civil War (1962-1965)) sources via their drinking water (groundwater from tube wells) and food supply leading to an increasing risk of chronic poisoning over time. A synthesis and analysis of publications and records is presented to document the Republic of Vietnam (RV), the official name of the South Vietnam Government, and United States (US) militaries contribution to arsenic levels and toxic spikes in the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater. During the Vietnam Civil War, Agent Blue, in powder form, was shipped to Port Saigon, via the Saigon River, and transported to the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base during the Vietnam Civil War. After the official start of the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973) the tactical herbicides were re-routed to Bien Hoa Air Force base (1965 to 1971). Approximately 3.2 million liters of Agent Blue (468,008 kg As) was sprayed or dumped by the RV military with the assistance and support of the Central Intelligence (CIA), US Army and US Navy, during the 1962-1965 Khai Huang (Hamlet) Program. A portion of an additional 4.6 million liters of Agent Blue (664,392 kg of As) was sprayed between 1962 and 1965 by the US Air Force as part of Operation Ranch Hand and prior to the official start of the American-Vietnam War in August 1964. Operation Rand Hand began in 1962 and ended in 1971. The Institute of Medicine estimated a total of 7.8 million liters (1,132,400 kg As) of Agent Blue was applied to southern Vietnam landscape from 1962 to 1971. This total includes both the 1962 to 1965 RV Khai Huang program with the assistance of the CIA, US Army and US Navy, and the total Agent Blue applied by US Air Force Operation Ranch Hand from 1962 to 1971. The primary objective of this study was to document how Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, became a secret US military and environmental chemical

关键词： Arsenic cacodylic acid Agent Blue Herbicides Chemical Weapons Fort Detrick Department of Defense (DOD) President Kennedy President Diem CIA US State Department USDA Khai Huang

来源：

维普期刊数据库评论

在线全文

维普期刊数据库

学校读者我要写书评

暂无评论

欢迎您,

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：

通借通还

欢迎您,

建议与咨询 留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

时间限定

文献类型

馆藏选择

核心期刊

语言

文献类型

帮助

文字说明：

检索规则说明：

检索范例：

分类表

所选分类

限定检索结果

文献类型

馆藏范围

日期分布

学科分类号

主题

机构

作者

语言

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

在线全文

请选择保存的检索档案： 新增检索档案 确定 取消

请选择收藏分类： 新增自定义分类 确定 取消

通借通还

建议与咨询留下您的常用邮箱和电话号码，以便我们向您反馈解决方案和替代方法

请选择保存的检索档案：

请选择收藏分类：