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Difference in corn kernel moisture content between pre-and post-harvest

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第7期20卷 1775-1782页

作者： LI Lu-lu MING Bo XUE Jun GAO Shang WANG Ke-ru XIE Rui-zhi HOU Peng LI Shao-kun Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsBeijing 100081P.R.China

The harvest method of shelling corn(Zea mays L.)kernels in the field decreases labor costs associated with transporting,drying and threshing the ***,it was previously found that the kernel moisture content increased after field harvest,which decreased the value of corn *** identify the reasons underlying the increase,we conducted a multiyear and-area trial in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China and performed a staged-harvest test at several phases of kernel *** test investigated a range of parameters such as the kernel moisture content pre-and post-harvest,the kernel breakage rate,the amount of impurities,and the moisture content of various other plant *** analysis of 411 pairs of pre-and post-harvest samples found that kernel moisture content after harvest was 2.2%higher than that before *** the staged-harvest test,however,a significant increase was only observed when the kernel moisture content before harvest was higher than 23.9%.The increase in post-harvest kernel moisture content was positively associated with the pre-harvest kernel moisture content,breakage rate and impurity ***,at harvest time in this region,there is a significant fraction of immature crops with a high moisture content,resulting in kernels that are prone to breakage or impurities that ultimately lead to increases in water content after ***,we suggest using hybrids that quickly wither late in the growing ***,farmers should delay harvest in order to minimize the pre-harvest kernel moisture content and thus reduce breakages and impurities,thereby improving the quality of kernels after harvest and the efficiency of corn kernel farming in China.

关键词： kernel moisture content pre-harvest and post-harvest corn

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Characterization of energy and performance of swine fed a novel corn-soybean extruded product

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015年第3期6卷 322-329页

作者： Katherine M Koch Robert C Thaler Sam K Baidoo Crystal L Levesque Rebecca C Bott South Dakota State University University of Minnesota Southern Research and Outreach Center

Background： A novel extruded product was characterized with a metabolism and lactation trial to establish the product＇s energy content, and its effects on lactating sow performance. The product was composed of a 60：40 corn-soybean blend, which was then extruded. This product containing the co-extruded 60：40 corn-soybean blend was commercially developed and is used extensively in swine diets in southwest Minnesota. GE of dietary treatments were determined by isoperibol bomb calorimetry. Twelve barrows （59.9 ± 1.4 kg）, were used to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy of the extruded product. DE of treatments was determined by subtracting fecal energy from GE provided to barrows by each respective treatment. ME was determined by subtracting urinary energy from calculated digestible energy. Sixty-three sows were used for the lactation trial. Three dietary treatments were utilized： CONTROL （an industry standard diet）; PRODUCT （contained the product, vitamins and minerals）; OIL （matched the lysine：ME ratio of PRODUCT by addition of soy oil）. Sow weight, backfat thickness at the right and left last ribs, body condition score, number of piglets, and litter weights were recorded on the date of farrowing （d 0）, （d 9）, and at weaning. Blood and milk samples were obtained at weaning, and blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen （PUN）, milk was analyzed for total protein and fat content. Results： On a dry-matter basis, the test diet provided 3,908 kcal/kg DE and 3,833 kcal/kg ME, which was significantly greater than the basal diet, which provided 3,633 kcal/kg DE and 3,567 kcal/kg ME （P 〈 0.0001）. These data were used to establish the DE and ME of the product, which were 3,882 kcal/kg and 3,798 kcal/kg, respectively, on an as-fed basis. No effect of diet was observed for changes in sow backfat （RBF P = 0.24; LBF P = 0.07） or body condition score （P = 0.12） during lactation. Milk total protein （P = 0.69）, fat （P = 0.66）, PUN, average piglet gain （P = 0.55） and pi

关键词： corn Extruded Lactation ME Soybean Swine

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corn phytochemicals and their health benefits

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Food Science and Human Wellness 2018年第3期7卷 185-195页

作者： Siyuan Sheng Tong Li RuiHai Liu Department of Food Science Cornell UniversityIthacaNY14850-7201United States

Whole grain has a wide range of phytochemicals exhibiting health benefits of lowering risk of chronic *** commonly consumed grain product,corn has unique profiles of nutrients and phytochemicals when compared with other whole *** nutrients and phytochemicals include vitamins(A,B,E,and K),minerals(Mg,P,and K),phenolic acids(ferulic acid,coumaric acid,and syringic acid),carotenoids and flavonoids(anthocyanins),and dietary *** and more scientific evidences have shown that regular consumption of whole grain corn lowers the risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease,type 2 diabetes,and obesity and improves digestive *** studies on bioactive compounds of corn related to health are needed.

关键词： corn Maize Whole grains Phytochemicals Cardiovascular disease Resistant starch Type II diabetes Diet and chronic diseases

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Metabolite variation in hybrid corn grain from a large-scale multisite study

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The Crop Journal 2016年第3期4卷 177-187页

作者： Mingjie Chen R.Shyama Prasad Rao Yiming Zhang Cathy Zhong Jay J.Thelen Haixia Institute of Science and Technology Horticulture Biology and Metabolomics CenterFujian Agriculture and Forestry University Department of Biochemistry Christopher S.Bond Life Science CenterUniversity of Missouri Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Division Yenepoya Research CenterYenepoya University Regulatory Group Du Pont Experimental Station

Metabolite composition is strongly affected by genotype,environment,and interactions between genotype and environment,although the extent of variation caused by these factors may depend upon the type of *** characterize the complexity of genotype,environment,and their interaction in hybrid seeds,50 genetically diverse non-genetically modified(GM) maize hybrids were grown in six geographically diverse locations in North *** metabolites from 553 harvested corn grain samples were isolated and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 45 metabolites detected in all samples were used to generate a data matrix for statistical *** was moderate variation among biological replicates and across genotypes and test *** genotype effects were detected by univariate and Hierarchical clustering analyses(HCA) when environmental effects were ***,environment exerted larger effects than genotype,and polar metabolite accumulation showed a geographic *** conclude that it is possible to increase seed polar metabolite content in hybrid corn by selection of appropriate inbred lines and growing regions.

关键词： corn grain Genotype Environment GC–MS Metabolomics

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Exploration of the key microbes and composition stability of microbial consortium GF-20 with efficiently decomposes corn stover at low temperatures

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第8期18卷 1893-1904页

作者： YU Xiao-fang BORJIGIN Qinggeer GAO Ju-lin WANG Zhi-gang HU Shu-ping BORJIGIN Naoganchaolu WANG Zhen SUN Ji-ying HAN Sheng-cai Agricultural College Inner Mongolia Agricultural University

The microbial consortium GF-20(GF-20) can efficiently decompose corn stover at low temperatures. The present study explored the key microbes of GF-20 and evaluated different culture conditions on its composition stability to promote the utilization of corn stover decomposing microbes in low temperature regions. GF-20 was subcultured to the 15 th generation under different temperatures, pHs, carbon, and nitrogen sources. Then, the dynamics of fermenting pH, cellulose enzyme activities, carbohydrate concentration, and oxidation reduction potential were determined to estimate the degradation efficiency of corn stover with GF-20. Furthermore, the structural stability and functional microbes of GF-20 were identified on the basis of PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) profiling and principal component analysis. The results showed that the offspring of GF-20 subcultured under different temperatures(4–30°C) and pH(6.0–9.0) conditions maintained stable growth, decomposition function, and composition structure. Furthermore, consortia GF-20 had a stable composition structure, which induced GF-20 to secrete cellulose and promote substrate decomposition as corn stover and ammonium were used as sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. According to the PCR-DGGE profiles, the key strains of GF-20 were determined to be Bacillus licheniformis, Cellvibrio mixtus subsp. mixtus, Bacillus tequilensis, Clostridium populeti, and Clostridium xylanolyticum.

关键词： microbial consortium decomposition of corn stalks low temperature functional microbe structure stability

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Debranching enzymes decomposed corn arabinoxylan into xylooligosaccharides and achieved prebiotic regulation of gut microbiota in broiler chickens

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2023年第4期14卷 1485-1500页

作者： Wei Wu Huajin Zhou Yanhong Chen Yuming Guo Jianmin Yuan State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural University2 Yuanmingyuan West RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100193PR China

Background corn arabinoxylan(AX)is a complicated and multibranched antinutritional factor,thereby proving the use of endo-xylanase(EX)to be marginally *** study focused on specific types of AX-degrading enzymes(ADEs)to exert the synergy of debranching enzymes and track the prebiotic potential of enzymatic *** study investigated the effects of ADEs on the growth performance,intestinal histomorphology,absorption functions,changes in polysaccharide components,fermentation,and gut microbiota of broiler *** hundred seventysix five-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into eight treatments with six replicates *** basal diets supplemented with or without enzymes were fed for a 21-day period,specifically including EX,its compatible use with arabinofuranosidase(EXA)or ferulic acid esterase(EXF),and compound groups with the above three enzymes(XAF).Results Specific ADEs stimulated the jejunal villus height and goblet cell number and evidently decreased the crypt depth(P<0.05),while the ratio of ileal villus height to crypt depth was significantly increased in EXF(P<0.05).Maltase activities of ileal mucosa in XAF groups were extremely enhanced(P<0.01),and EX boosted the activity of Na+-K+ATPase in the small intestine(P<0.01).The insoluble AX concentrations comparatively lessened,thereby notably raising the sundry xylooligosaccharide(XOS)yield in the ileal chyme(P<0.05),which was dominant in xylobiose and *** in the abundance and diversity of ileal microbial communities within the EXA,EXF,and XAF treatments were observed(P<0.05).Positive correlations between microbiota and XOS were revealed,with xylobiose and xylotriose being critical for ten beneficial bacteria(P<0.05).EXF increased the BWG and FCR of broiler chickens in this phase(P<0.05),which was attributed to the thriving networks modified by *** intracecal contents of acetic acid,butyric acid,and propionic acid were greatly

关键词： Arabinoxylan corn Prebiotic Specific xylanase Xylooligosaccharide

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Effect of storage time on the characteristics of corn and efficiency of its utilization in broiler chickens

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第3期3卷 252-257页

作者： Dafei Yin Jianmin Yuan Yuming Guo Lee I.Chiba State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and Technology China Agricultural University Department of Animal Sciences College of Agriculture Auburn University

corn is one of the staple food and feed ingredients in China, therefore its storage is of particular importance. corn is typically stored for 2 or more years in national barns before it is sold as a food or feed ingredient. However, the effects of stored corn in national barns on the animal performance and nutrient utilization have not been investigated thus far. This study attempted to determine the effects of storage time on the chemical and physical characteristics of corn and its nutritional value, broiler growth performance, and meat quality. corn grains used in the present study were stored for 4 different periods,from 2 to 5 yr, under the same conditions in a building at the Beijing National Grain Storage Facility. A total of 240 birds in Exp. 1 and 90 birds in Exp. 2 were used to compare the effects of storage time on the utilization of nutrients of corn, the performance, and meat quality of broilers. The content of starch, crude protein, amino acids, fatty acids, and test weight generally decreased with increasing storage time. corn stored for over 4 yr showed decreased catalase(CAT) and peroxidase(POD) activities and increased fat acidity. Body weight gain(BWG) and European production index(EPI) of broilers from 0 to 3 wk tended to decrease linearly with storage time(0.05 corn storage time(P corn storage time. Drip loss had a strong negative correlation with POD(P 0.05). The digestibility of histidine and arg

关键词： Broiler corn Fat acidity Metabolizable energy Performance Storage

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Predicting corn digestible and metabolizable energy content from its chemical composition in growing pigs

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2014年第3期5卷 357-364页

作者： Quanfeng Li Jianjun Zang Dewen Liu Xiangshu Piao Chanqhua Lai Defa Li State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry CentreChina Agricultural University

Background： The nutrient composition of corn is variable. To prevent unforeseen reductions in growth performance, grading and analytical methods are used to minimize nutrient variability between calculated and analyzed values. This experiment was carried out to define the sources of variation in the energy content of corn and to develop a practical method to accurately estimate the digestible energy （DE） and metabolisable energy （ME） content of individual corn samples for growing pigs. Twenty samples were taken from each of five provinces in China （Jilin, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, and Henan） to obtain a range of quality. Results： The DE and ME contents of the 100 corn samples were measured in 3.5.3 ±1.92 kg growing pigs （six pigs per corn sample）. Sixty corn samples were used to build the prediction model; the remaining forty samples were used to test the suitability of these models. The chemical composition of each corn sample was determined, and the results were used to establish prediction equations for DE or ME content from chemical characteristics. The mean DE and ME content of the 100 samples were 4,053 and 3,923 kcal/kg （dry matter basis）, respectively. The physical characteristics were determined, as well, and the results indicated that the bulk weight and 1,000-kernel weight were not associated with energy content. The DE and ME values could be accurately predicted from chemical characteristics. The best fit equations were as follows： DE, kcal/kg of DM = 1062.68 ＋（49.72 ×EE）＋（0.54 × GE）＋（9.1 ] x starch）, with R^2 = 0.62, residual standard deviation （RSD） = 48 kcal/kg, and P 〈 0.01; ME, kcal/kg of dry matter basis （DM） = 671.54 ＋（0.89 ×DE） - （5.57 × NDF） - （191.39 ×ash）, with R^2 = 0.87, RSD = 18 kcal/kg, and P〈 0.01. Conclusion： This experiment confirms the large variation in the energy content of corn, describes the factors that influence this variation, and presents equations based on chemical measurements that may be used to predict the DE and ME

关键词： corn Digestible energy Metabolizable energy Pigs Prediction equation 1

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Friction wheel transmission of no-tillage corn planters

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2017年第4期10卷 87-97页

作者： Jia Honglei Zhang Zhuo Chen Zhi Zheng Tiezhi Zhao Jiale Guo Mingzhuo College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun 130025China Key Laboratory of Bionics Engineering Ministry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun 130025China China National Machinery Industry Corporation Beijing 100080China Jilin Agricultural Mechanization Management Center Changchun 130022China

To overcome the unfavorable factors of ground wheel-driven chain transmission when a no-tillage planter operates on straw mulching fields,a friction wheel transmission based on ground wheel transmission was designed in this *** stability,i.e.,the effects of friction wheel tyre pressure on stability of machine transmission was investigated via validation of main *** relationships among tyre pressure,deformation and load were determined via theoretical *** tyre pressure extreme for transmission is 25.90 psi,the maximum pressure imposed on the friction wheel tyre is 14 kN,the maximum deformation of friction wheel is 8.7 *** stabilities of friction wheel slip rate and seeding distance were investigated via field tests and alteration of friction wheel tyre *** processing the test data,it can be found that the minimum tyre pressure for acquisition of friction wheel slip rate was 24.35 *** processing the data of seeding distance,it can be validated that the tyre pressure was kept unchanged following the optimal transmission effect of the transmission through the abrupt change of working speed,which further proved the feasibility of the new friction wheel *** transmission of friction wheel can reduce 14.67%in variation coefficient of seed spacing at the speed of 5 km/h,and 16.22%at the speed of 8 km/h.

关键词： no-tillage planter corn friction wheel transmission slip rate field test variation coefficient seeding distance

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Application of acid protease in the industrial production of corn ethanol

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Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing 2022年第2期2卷 361-368页

作者： Liangliang Wang Qi Yao Jun Yue Xirui Jiang Fangfang Li Linyi Jiayun Biotechnology Co. LTDLinyi 273306ShandongChina Research Institute of Jilin Petrochemical Co. LTDPetroChinaJilin 132021JilinChina Wuxi Jiangda Yizhong Biological Engineering Co. LTDWuxi 214062JiangsuChina School of Food Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences)Jinan 250353ShandongChina

Bioethanol is a renewable,clean energy and a very important basic chemical raw material,improving production efciency and reducing production cost are the goals pursued by ethanol *** acid protease in the process of producing ethanol from grain will have many efects on fermentation,one of the most concerned efects is to increase liquor *** protease can hydrolyze the protein in cereals to produce free amino acids that can be used directly by yeast,thus reducing the amount of sugar consumed for amino acid metabolism,and allowing more sugar to be converted to *** application method and efect of acid protease in the industrial production of ethanol from corn were studied in this study,the results showed that the addition of acid protease at the dosage of 10 U/g(raw material)during yeast seeding could replace urea,promote yeast proliferation,reduce the infection rate,shorten the fermentation period by 7.5 h and increase the alcohol yield of raw materials by 0.33 percentage *** acid protease was used in ethanol production line with an annual output of 180,000 tons,the net proft increased by at least US$4900/day compared with the control *** is hoped that this study can lay a foundation for the application of acid protease in ethanol industry.

关键词： Acid protease Ethanol corn Application Industrial production

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