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Comparison of breathing pattern and Subjects' Perception during Resistive Loads Applied to Inspiration,Expiration or Whole breathing Cycle

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Military Medical Research 1987年第3期 272-278页

作者：吴兴裕张立藩姜世忠王兴邦马谋超 Department of Aviation Environmental Physiology Fourth Military Medical College Xi’an

Using a 2-factor 6×3 factorial experimental design and the MultistageEvaluation Scale(MES)to estimate the respiratory sensation,we systematicallystudied in 17 healthy young men the physiological and psychological effects of sixlevels of suprathreshold added resistive loads,appliedeparately to eitherinspiration or expiration,or throughout the breathing *** observed that(1)no matter what phase of the breathing cycle was impeded,mask cavity pressureswingas well as total external respiratory workrate(r)was a curvilinearfunction of the total resistive load added(R),which exhibited an upwardconvexity;(2)the perceived magnitude(PM)of the respiratory sensation estimatedby using MES(S)was directly related to intensity of the physiologicalstimulus and indirectly related to the intensity of the resistance added;and(3)under different loading conditions,Swas a curvilinear function of theintensity of the physiological stimulus,which exhibited an upward *** results suggest that when we derive the standards of allowable resistancefor respiratory protective equipment,in addition to the total load intensity,theimportance of the ratio between inspiratory and expiratory resistance should alsobe considered.

关键词： loaded breathing respiratory sensation breathing pattern respiratory protective equipment

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Subjective Symptom sand breathing pattern at Restand Following Hyperventilation in Anxiety and Somatoform Disorders

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新疆医科大学学报 1999年第2期 94-94页

作者： J.N.Han, * K.Stegen, R.Schepers, O.Van Den Bergh and K.P.Van De Woestijne (Received 14 July 1997 accepted 11 March 1998)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic specificity of bodily symptoms and respiratory behavior at rest and after a hyperventilation provocation test (HVPT) in patients that were either grouped according to the DSM classification or diagnosed as suffering from hyperventilation syndrome. Nine hundred three anxiety and somatoform patients, showing symptoms supposedly caused by psychogenic hyperventilation, and 170 healthy subjects, were studied. breathing pattern and end tidal CO 2 concentration were recorded during breathing at rest and following a HVPT. Subjective symptoms in daily life and after HVPT were measured. A principal components analysis was performed on both the symptoms and breathing variables and their specificity levels were compared in the two classifications of patients. Some symptoms in daily life were gruped together with the same symptoms after the HVPT, other symptoms were not. This suggests that the HVPT elicited partly specific symptoms, and partly reproduced the symptoms experienced in daily life. Similar findings were observed with respect to the breathing variales. Patients with panic differed from other patients with anxiety disorders by an increased level of symptoms and a FETCO 2 decline at rest. The HVPT may be informative for diagnosis because it provokes some of the typical somatic and psychological symptoms, and it identifies the breathing instability that is characteristic of both patients with HVS and with anxiety. The same symptoms and breathing variables characterized the patients, whatever their classification. Overall, the specificity of breathing variables is rather low. c 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.

关键词： breathing pattern End tidal CO 2 concentration Hyperventilation provocation test Panic disorder.

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The heart rate - breathing rate relationship in aquatic mammals： A comparative analysis with terrestrial species

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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 569-577页

作者： Jacopo P. MORTOLA Department of Physiology McGill University Montreal QC Canada H3G 1Y6

Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals, while resting at the water surface or ashore, breathe with a low frequency （f） by comparison to terrestrial mammals of the same body size, the difference increasing the larger the species. Among various interpretations, it was suggested that the low-f breathing is a consequence of the end-inspiratory breath-holding pattern adopted by aquatic mammals to favour buoyancy at the water surface, and evolved to be part of the genetic makeup. If this interpretation was correct it could be expected that, differently from f, the heart rate （HR, beats/min） of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals at rest would not need to differ from that of terrestrial mammals and that their HR-fratio would be higher than in terrestrial species. Literature data for HR （beats/min） in mammals at rest were gathered for 56 terrestrial and 27 aquatic species. In aquatic mammals the allometric curve （HR=191 .M^18; M= body mass, kg） did not differ from that of terrestrial species （HR=212.M^-0.22） and their HR-fratio （on average 32±5） was much higher than in terrestrial species （5±1）（P〈0.0001）. The comparison of these HR allometric curves to those forfpreviously published indicated that the HR-fratio was body size-independent in terrestrial species while it increased significantly with M in aquatic species. The similarity in HR and differences in f between aquatic and terrestrial mammals agree with the possibility that the lowfof aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals may have evolved for a non-respiratory function, namely the regulation of buoyancy at the water surface [Current Zoology 61（4）： 569-577, 2015].

关键词： Allometry breathing pattern Control of breathing Diving Cardio-respiratory coupling

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