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Gibberellins,brassinolide,and ethylene signaling were involved in flower differentiation and development in Nelumbo nucifera

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2022年第2期8卷 243-250页

作者： Jiangyuan Sheng Xin Li Di Zhang Department of Landscape Science and Engineering School of DesignShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Administrative Station of Suzhou Wetland Protection SuzhouJiangsu 215008China

Hormones play important roles in vegetative and reproductive processes;however,the regulatory roles of hormones in Nelumbo nucifera(Lotus)growth and development are unclear.In this study,nine types of endogenous hormones,including gibberellins(GA_1,GA_3,and GA_4),indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),brassinolide(BR),ethylene(ETH),jasmonic acid(JA),abscisic acid(ABA),and zeatin(ZT)were detected in dormant shoot tips,vegetative shoot tips,developing leaf buds,and developing flower buds of lotus.The results indicated that GA,ETH,and BR signaling can promote vegetative and reproductive development of lotus.GA signaling regulates plant height and stimulates flower bud differentiation.GA levels were the highest in the flower buds;exogenous GA3+4 increased plant height by approximately 90%,increased flower quantity by nearly 40%,and advanced flowering by 4 d.Suppressing GA biosynthesis using paclobutrazol decreased plant height and flower quantity by 38%and 87.1%,respectively,and delayed flowering by 15.6 d.ETH signaling has positive regulatory effects on vegetative growth and flower development.The ETH concentration in the developing leaf buds was at least 50%higher than that in other samples.Ethephon spraying led to remarkable increases in plant height and leaf thickness and extended the flowering duration.BR signaling acts as a growth promoter during vegetative and reproductive development in lotus.The highest BR levels were detected in the vegetative shoot tips.External application of28-epihomobrassinolide resulted in growth-promoting phenotypes including longer scapes,thicker leaves,and prolonged flowering.

关键词： Nelumbo nucifera Gibberellin brassinolide Ethylene Flowering

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Foliar Application of brassinolide Induced Regulation of Grain Yield and Quality,Antioxidant Responses and Aroma in Fragrant Rice

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第5期91卷 1061-1071页

作者： Jinhai Liu Rifang Lai Longxin He Pipeng Xing Haowen Luo Shuying Yang Yingbin Zou Xiangru Tang State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou510642China Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Science and Technology of Aromatic Rice Guangzhou510642China College of Agronomy Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128China

brassinolide(BR)is a new green plant growth regulator.The present field study was conducted on two fragrant rice cultivars(i.e.,Meixiangzhan-2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan)to study the effects of foliar application of BR on fragrant rice performance.At the heading stage,BR solutions at 0.05,0.15,0.25 and 0.50 mg L-1 were sprayed on fragrant rice at 600 liters per hectare;these treatments were named as BR1,BR2,BR3 and BR4,respectively.The treatment sprayed with distilled water was taken as a control(CK).Compared with CK,the BR2 treatment significantly enhanced the chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthetic rate for Meixiangzhan-2,and Xiangyaxiangzhan.The BR3 and BR4 treatments increased the concentrations of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid,and also enhanced net photosynthetic rate by 31.91%and 40.43%,respectively.Higher grain yields were recorded in the BR2 treatment than on CK on Meixiangzhan-2,while on Xiangyaxiangzhan,the BR3 and BR4 treatments increased grain yield compared with CK.In relation to CK,higher head rice rates were recorded in the BR2 treatment for Meixiangzhan-2,and in the BR3 and BR4 treatments for Xiangyaxiangzhan.BR treatments(BR2 for Meixiangzhan-2,BR3 and BR4 for Xiangyaxiangzhan)also significantly enhanced the activities of GPX,SOD and CAT by 10.22%to 23.00%,and reduced the malonaldehyde concentration.In addition,we observed that some BR treatments(BR2 for Meixiangzhan-2,BR3 and BR4 for Xiangyaxiangzhan)decreased the grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentration of fragrant rice.

关键词： brassinolide chlorophyll yield formation fragrant rice antioxidant enzyme

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Application of brassinolide alleviates cold stress at the booting stage of rice

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第4期19卷 975-987页

作者： WANG Shi-qiang ZHAO Hai-hong ZHAO Li-ming GU Chun-mei NA Yong-guang XIE Bao-sheng CHENG Shi-hua PAN Guo-jun Postdoctoral Scientific Research Station of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086P.R.China Rice Research Institute of Land Reclamation Academy in Heilongjiang Province Jiamusi 154007P.R.China State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology China National Rice Research InstituteHangzhou 310006P.R.China Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jiamusi 154007P.R.China Jiamusi Rice Research Institute Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture SciencesJiamusi 154026P.R.China

The objective of the study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of plants in response to brassinolide(BR) alleviating cold water stress on rice. In this study, physiological responses of rice to exogenous BR and cold water submergence were investigated using the chilling-tolerant cultivar Kongyu 131(KY131) and the chilling-sensitive cultivar Kenjiandao 6(KJD6). A total of 2 mg L^-1 BR increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) and the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and chlorophyll, but decreased the malondialdehyde(MDA) content in KY131 and KJD6 under cold water stress. The observed decreases in SOD and POD activities and MDA content recovered quickly after plants were returned to irrigation with water at temperatures of about 23.0°C in 2014. Additionally, the contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), and potassium(K) were increased by BR treatment under cold water stress. Exposure to BR also raised the percentage of high effective leaf area and leaf area index at the heading stage. Furthermore, it promoted soluble sugar synthesis, increased the rate of dry matter accumulation, and enhanced the export and translocation rates of the stem-sheath. The yield in KJD6 was significantly(P≤0.01 and P≤0.05) higher than that of the control in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The effect of BR treatment on rice leaf SOD and POD activities, MDA, chlorophyll, P, and stem-sheath K contents were more significant in KJD6 than in KY131. In conclusion, exogenous BR effectively reduced the physiological and metabolic damage in rice due to cold stress at the booting stage, promoted functional recovery in plants that received irrigation with water at a normal temperature following cold stress, and mitigated the effects of cold water stress on yield.The two varieties exhibited differential responses to BR;the weaker cold-resistant variety was more sensitive to BR and displayed stronger responses to exogenous BR.

关键词： rice cold water stress brassinolide physiological characteristics

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Studies on the Model Synthesis of the brassinolide and Dolicholide's Side Chains

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2003年第7期21卷 893-897页

作者：彭立增张逢质梅天胜张涛刘华伟李裕林 National Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou Gansu 730000 China

A highly stereoselective synthesis of the side chain enantiomers of brassinolide and dolicholide through an aldol reaction of 2-(4-methoxy benzyloxyl) propionylaldehyde (5) with the anion of 1-(tert-butyldimethylsilox... 详细信息

关键词： brassinolide dolicholide side chain aldol reaction

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Studies on the Model Synthesis of the brassinolide and Dolicholide Side Chains

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2003年第9期14卷 889-892页

作者： Li Zeng PENG, Feng Zhi ZHANG, Tian Sheng MEI, Yu Lin LINational Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 Natl. Lab. of Appl. Organ. Chemistry Institute of Organic Chemistry Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

A stereoselective synthesis of brassinolide and dolicholide, which involves construction of the side chain enantiomers by a highly stereoselective aldol reaction of aldehyde 5 with the anion of α-silyloxy ketone 6 is... 详细信息

关键词： brassinolide dolicholide side chain aldol reaction.

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Protective Roles of brassinolide on Rice Seedlings under High Temperature Stress

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Rice science 2008年第1期15卷 63-68页

作者： CAO Yun-ying ZHAO Hua College of Life Science Nantong University Nantong 226007 China Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics ＆ Physiology YangzhouUniversity Yangzhou 225009 China

Two indica rice （Oryza sativa L.） materials, Xieqingzao B （sensitive to heat stress） and 082 （tolerant to heat stress） were used to study the role of brassinolide （BR） in protection of rice seedlings from heat stress. Young seedlings were subjected to high temperature （38℃/30℃） and sprayed with 0.005 mg/L of BR. Analysis was conducted on the contents of chlorophyll, protein and malondialdehyde （MDA）, the leakage of electrolyte, the activities of peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） and their isozymes expression levels in leaves. Under the high temperature treatment, application of BR significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll and protein, and the activities of POD and SOD, and reduced the content of MDA and the leakage of electrolyte in the leaves of the heat-sensitive material Xieqingzao B, whereas BR had less effect on those of the heat-tolerant material 082 relatively. The BR treatment enhanced the expression of POD isozymes in the leaves of both materials. Under the high temperature stress and BR treatment, the expression of four SOD isozymes reduced in 082, but the expression of two SOD isozymes increased in Xieqingzao B. This suggests that BR plays an important role in protection of rice seedlings from heat stress by enhancing the activities or expression level of protective enzymes in the leaves. The materials with various heat-tolerance might differ in the mechanism of response to heat stress with BR application.

关键词： brassinolide rice seedlings heat stress antioxidase membrane lipid peroxidation

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Studies on the Syntheses of the Side Chains of brassinolide and Dolicholide

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Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities 1988年第4期 32-38页

作者： Mao Jianmin, Hou Zijie, Liu Xingping and Li Yulin(Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou)

(4R,5S)-2,2-Dimethyl-4-(1’,2’-dimethylpropyl)-5-(1’-bromoethyl)--1,3-dioxolane(15) with the side chain of brassinolide and (4R, 5S)--2, 2-dimethyl-4-(l’-methylene-2’-methylpropyl)-5-(1’-bromoethyl) 1,3-dioxolane(14) with the side chain of dolicholide were first synthesized through 11 and 10 stepes from D-mannitol respectively. All of the intermediates 7-13 were first synthesized too.

关键词： brassinolide Dolicholide Side chain

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Effect and Its Mechanism of brassinolide-regulated Starch Metabolism in Rice Germination

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Agricultural Biotechnology 2018年第3期7卷 10-14,18页

作者： Qianfeng LI Jiawen YU Jun LU Min XIONG Changquan ZHANG Qiaoquan LIU College of Agriculture Yangzhou University

The study was aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of brassinolide（ BL） regulated starch metabolism in rice endosperm during seed germination.The radicle elongation of rice seeds treated with 1 μmol/L BL was inhibited during germination. The analysis on rice seeds with a GUS-fused promoter showed that BL had different regulatory effects on Wx,SBEI,and AGPS1. The effect of BL treatment on the physicochemical properties of rice starch was further investigated by scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the starch treated with BL maintained better crystallinity and orderly structure,indicating that during the germination process,the degradation of starch in endosperm was slow,which might be one of the reasons for the slow radicle growth in the early stages of seed germination. This study provided important clues for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying BR-regulated rice seed germination.

关键词： Seed germination brassinolide Starch metabolism Rice Starch structure Physicochemical properties

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TWISTED DWARF 1 Associates with BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 to Regulate Early Events of the Brassinosteroid Signaling Pathway

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Molecular Plant 2016年第4期9卷 582-592页

作者： Baolin Zhao Minghui Lv Zengxiu Feng Thomas Campbell Emmanuel Liscum Jia Li Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA

A genome-wide screen for mutants showing altered brassinosteroid （BR） sensitivity or bril-like phenotypes resulted in the identification of two new mutant alleles of TWISTED DWARF 1 （TWD1）, twd1-4, and twdl-5. Pre- vious studies indicated that TWD1, also named as ULTRACURVATA 2 or FKBP42, associates with auxin efflux transporters and is essential for their biological functions. Although earlier reports showed that BR signaling is downregulated in twdl, how TWD1 is integrated in BR signaling has not been elucidated. Here, we provide ge- netic and biochemical evidence demonstrating that TWD1 interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 in vivo in a BR- independent manner. Further analyses indicated that TWD1 modulates the BR signal transduction not by altering ER quality control or protein abundance of BRI1; instead, TWD1 appears to be critical in BR- induced interaction of BRI1 and its co-receptor BAK1, as well as BR-induced phosphorylation of these two proteins. These results provide better understanding of the early events of the BR signaling pathway.

关键词： BAK1 brassinolide brassinosteroid BRI1 TWD1

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Regulation of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Inactivation

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2012年第10期54卷 746-759页

作者： Baolin Zhao Jia Li Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations Ministry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Brassinosteroids （BRs） are a group of naturally-occurring steroidal phytohormones playing fundamental roles during normal plant growth and development. Using a combination of experimental approaches, including analytical chemistry, genetics, and biochemistry, the major BR biosynthetic pathway has been largely elucidated. The least-understood knowledge in the BR research field is probably the molecular mechanisms controlling the bioactive levels of BRs in response to various developmental and environmental cues. In this review, we focus our discussion on a recently-proposed, 8-step predominant BR biosynthetic pathway, several newly-identified transcription factors regulating the expression of key enzymes that catalyze BR biosynthesis, and up-to-date information about the mechanisms that plants use to inactivate unnecessary BRs.

关键词： brassinolide brassinosteroid biosynthesis homeostasis catabolism.

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