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Socio-economic factors influencing household forest dependency in Chobe enclave, botswana

Ecological Processes 2017年第1期6卷 417-426页

作者： Hesekia Garekae Olekae Tsompie Thakadu Joyce Lepetu Department of Environmental Science Rhodes UniversityP.O.Box 94GrahamstownSouth Africa Okavango Research Institute University of BotswanaPrivate Bag 285MaunBotswana Department of Crop Science and Production Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesPrivate Bag 0027GaboroneBotswana

Introduction:Human dependence on forests is a multifaceted *** degree of reliance on forests varies geographically,overtime and across *** dynamics underpin the importance of understanding the determinants of household reliance on forests for the long-term sustainable forest management and *** paper presents an analysis of socio-economic determinants on the level of household forest dependency in Chobe enclave,*** study hypothesised that the level of household forest dependency will significantly differ across a range of socio-economic ***:Data was collected through a structured questionnaire survey of 183 households,randomly selected from three communities bordering Chobe Forest *** logistic regression model was used for analysing ***:Results showed that age and education significantly influenced household reliance on forests,while other socio-economic factors were not *** dependency was observed to be decreasing with an increase on both respondent age and educational ***,the youth were likely to be more reliant on forest products compared to their elderly counterpart while higher educational attainment lessened reliance on forest ***:In order to foster a balance between forest dependency and biodiversity conservation,alternative opportunities and provision and access to higher education aimed at diversifying young people’s livelihood activities are vital in reducing forest dependency,hence protecting forests for posterity.

关键词： Forest dependency Biodiversity conservation Rural-urban migration Chobe Forest Reserve botswana

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Exploration of the environmental and socioeconomic implications of HCFC-22 phase-out for botswana

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2021年第1期12卷 108-118页

作者： Bongayi KUDOMA Memory TEKERE Department of Environmental Sciences School of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesUniversity of South Africa(UNISA)Florida1710South Africa Department of Safety Management BA ISAGO UniversityFrancistown267Botswana

Climate change and ozone depletion are topics challenging the world over and are both attributed mainly to human activities,particularly emissions of ozone depleting *** such substance is chlorodifluoromethane(HCFC-22),a cheap,widely used refrigerant with a high global warming potential and a chemical target for phase-out under the Montreal *** like all signatory countries to the Montreal Protocol is required to develop and implement a country-level Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Phase-out Management Plan(HPMP).This study focused on evaluating the environmental and socioeconomic implications of phasing out HCFC-22 in botswana.A census of nine HCFC-22-importing companies was conducted and probability sampling proportional to company size was used to select a sample of 159 respondents from the Department of Meteorological Services,Customs officers and HCFC-22 Industrial *** HCFC-22 importation figures for botswana in 2009-2017 from the National Ozone Unit were *** emerged that HCFC-22 phase-out had reduced HCFC-22 consumption by approximately 510,400 kg in 2011-2017,translating to 28,072 ozone depleting potential(ODP)***,the HCFC-22 phase-out plan saved the country 128 kW h of electricity for *** decreasing demand for HCFC-22,the HPMP had correspondingly occasioned the higher replacement and servicing costs of HCFC-22-compliant equipment,as HCFC-22 substitutes cost *** deter use of HCFC-22 and promote phase-out,the price of substitute refrigerants can be made less expensive than *** stakeholders attest that HCFC-22 phase-out has positive social benefits such as raising community awareness of the ozone depleting *** a recommendation,the government of botswana could offer a number of incentives towards HCFC-22 substitutes uptake in order to give impetus to technology transfer.

关键词： botswana HCFC-22 phase-out Hydrochlorofluorocarbon phase-out management plan Ozone depleting substance Montreal protocol Global warming

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Institutions and water governance in the Okavango Delta, botswana

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2019年第1期17卷 67-78页

作者： Reniko Gondo Oluwatoyin Dare Kolawole Joseph E. Mbaiwa Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Maun Botswana

The goals of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) can be achieved by embracing the principles of distributive governance, which places both customary and statutory water institutions on the same pedestal in the governance of water resources. As culture and traditions constitute intangible aspects of water resources management in rural Africa, the recognition of water governance systems grounded in local norms, which correspond better with the aspirations of local water users as against the expert-knowledge systems is desirable. Following the introduction of the statutory institutions in postcolonial Africa, customary institutions, which were once effective in regulating water resources became relegated to the background in those countries, including botswana . Adopting a critical literature review approach, this article employs the concept of legal pluralism to analyze the institutional factors that create the disharmony between cultural and statutory water governance and management institutions. Findings indicate that water has been abstracted from its social nature and transformed into a tradable economic good. Ultimately, the local meanings and images encoded in water as a nature-given resource are overlooked, thus generating conflicts in water governance. The paper recommends the adoptions of legal pluralism under which water institutions need to embrace both customary and statutory institutions.

关键词： botswana customary institutions legal pluralism Okavango Delta statutory

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Spatio-temporal ephemeral streamflow as influenced by climate variability in botswana

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2011年第3期21卷 417-428页

作者： Nnyaladzi BATISANI Department of Agricultural Engineering and Land Planning University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

The fourth assessment report of the IPCC highlights that the global average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.8 to 4.0℃ by the year 2100 compared to current climate. Given that climate is the most important driver of the hydrological cycle, the rise in temperature could cause changes in occurrence patterns of extreme hydrologic events like streamflow droughts. An increase in frequency and severity of these events could pose serious challenges for sustainable management of water resources particular in arid regions. However, the understanding of water resources dynamics and the possible impacts of climate change on these dynamics is hindered by uncertainties in climate change models and complex hydrological responses of streams and catchments to climatic changes. Therefore observational evidence of streamflow dynamics at the local scale could play a crucial role in addressing these uncertainties and achieving a fuller reconciliation between model-based scenarios and ground truth. This paper determines spatial and temporal changes in stream- flow volumes and their association with climatic factors based on the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and ANOVA to determine possible changes in streamflow over the years and their relation to climatic factors. Streamflow is generally stochastic highlighting the importance of factoring in temporal flow variability in water resources planning. There is no clear evidence that changes in climatic variables are related to streamflow behaviour.

关键词： botswana streamflow climate change water resources trend analysis

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botswana——Eradication of Plaslic Bags

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ChinAfrica 2018年第7期10卷 8-9页

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HIV Hospital Admissions Attributable to Specific Opportunistic Infections and Factors Associated with Them at a botswana Referral Hospital

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World Journal of AIDS 2015年第3期5卷 175-181页

作者： John Thato Tlhakanelo Jose Gaby Tshikuka Mooketsi Molefi Mgaywa Gilbert Mjungu Damas Magafu Tiny Masupe Reginald Blessing Matchaba-Hove Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Faculty of Medicine University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana Department of Health Sciences National Pedagogic University Kinshasa DRC School of Health Systems and Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria South Africa School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

Hospital admissions among people living with HIV (PLWH) in botswana are high. Opportunistic infections (OIs) are responsible for most of these admissions. Although leading OIs causing these admissions have been identified in the region, their correlates are poorly understood. This study aimed to: 1) evaluate major OIs responsible for admissions among HIV patients at Princess Marina Hospital (PMH) in botswana;2) estimate the proportion and identify the most frequent admissions attributable to specific OIs;3) characterize major correlates of admissions attributable to each specific OIs and identify populations most at risk as a base for effective policy and resource orientation. HIV infected patients were randomly selected from hospital record lists. Biomedical, sociodemographic and economic data were collected from the records and from face-to-face patient interviews and analyzed. Tuberculosis was the most important OI responsible for 234.6 per 1000 HIV admissions. Cryptococcal meningitis accounted for 162.0 per 1000 admissions. Patients with a CD4-cell count 350/μL and females. The risk of admission due to cryptococcal meningitis was also high among patients with low socioeconomic status (SES). Females were more at risk for Cryptosporidium, Bacterial pneumonia (BP), Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP), Herpes and candidiasis-specific admissions than male and, patients not on co-trimoxazole were more likely to be admitted than those on co-trimoxazole. Comprehensive implementation strategies to address OIs among PLWH are needed. To be effective, such strategies should address not only biomedical factors but should also focus on PLWH’s SES.

关键词： botswana People Living with HIV Opportunistic Infections Hospital Admissions

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Addressing Barriers to Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Africa： The botswana and Namibia Experience

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2014年第8期8卷 1351-1359页

作者： Pushpendra K. Jain Prem Jain Philimon Dhafana Department of Physics University of Botswana Private Bag 0022 Gaborone Botswana Department of Physics University of Zambia PO Box 32379 Lusaka Zambia botswana Power Corporation P O Box 48 Gaborone Botswana

Africa is the most affected continent with energy poverty. Wood fuel is the main source of energy for remote and rural populations. At the same time, most parts of Africa are endowed with abundant solar energy. Together with a highly developed global solar industry and ever declining cost of solar systems, solar has unprecedented potential to combat energy poverty in Africa. However, dissemination of solar systems is faced with a number of barriers and challenges amongst where sustainable financing and lack of technological support for installation, maintenance and repair of systems are the most significant. This paper discusses the cases of botswana and Namibia where financing schemes based on different partnership models have been successfully implemented. These schemes have the potential for success and adaptation by countries with similar socio-economic conditions. We conclude with recommendations on training programs for different levels of intervention to overcome the lack of technological support.

关键词： Energy poverty off-grid rural electrification solar energy financing mechanisms training needs Africa botswana Namibia.

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Waiting Times and Length of Stay of Trauma Patients in a botswana Referral Hospital Emergency Department

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Open Journal of Emergency Medicine 2022年第1期10卷 54-65页

作者： Keatlaretse Siamisang Kago Mokute Bonolo Bonnie Mhaladi John Thato Tlhakanelo University of botswana Gaborone Botswana botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness Gaborone Botswana

Background: Mortality and morbidity due to trauma are a significant public health challenge. There is paucity of data on the waiting times and length of stay (LOS) of trauma patients in emergency departments in botswana. The aim of this study was to determine the Emergency Department (ED) waiting times and LOS of trauma patients at Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone, botswana. Methods: This was a retrospective medical records review of waiting times (time from triage to review by ED medical officer) and LOS (time from triage to disposition from the emergency department). The waiting times for the different assigned acuities were assessed against the South African Triage System (SATS) standards. All trauma patients seen from 19/11/2018 to 18/12/2018 were included in the study. Prolonged length of stay was defined as duration > 6 hours. Categorical data was summarized with frequencies while numeric data was summarized with medians and interquartile ranges. Results: A total of 187 trauma patients’ files were analyzed. Of these, 72 (38.5%) were females. The median waiting time was 3.8 hours and the maximum was 19.2 hours. The median length of stay (LOS) was 8.8 hours with a maximum of 37.2 hours. Only 53 (28.3%) of the participants had a LOS of less than 6 hours. None of the emergent patients were seen immediately. Only 5 (4.0%) of the very urgent patients were seen within the target of 10 minutes. Finally, only 10 (20.4%) of urgent patients were seen within the target time of 1 hour. Conclusion: The waiting times and length of stay in Princess Marina Hospital were mostly above the recommended standards. Urgent interventions are needed to reduce waiting times and length of stay for trauma patients. More studies are needed to explore the sources of delay and investigate possible solutions to this public health challenge.

关键词： Emergency Department Waiting Times Length of Stay Trauma botswana

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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Experiences of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Trial Participants in botswana

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World Journal of AIDS 2015年第1期5卷 10-20页

作者： Lauren Toledo Eleanor McLellan-Lemal Faith L. Henderson Poloko M. Kebaabetswe ICF International Atlanta USA Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention National Center for HIV Viral Hepatitis STD and TB Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta USA HIV Prevention Research Unit CDC Botswana Gaborone Botswana Faculty of Medicine University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

Recent clinical trials have shown that a daily dose of oral TDF/FTC pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in reducing human immunodeficiency (HIV) risk. Understanding trial participants’ perspectives about retention and PrEP adherence is critical to inform future PrEP trials and the scale-up and implementation of PrEP programs. We analyzed 53 in-depth interviews conducted in April 2010 with participants in the TDF2 study, a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, place-bo-controlled clinical trial of daily oral TDF/FTC with heterosexual men and women in Francistown and Gaborone, botswana. We examined participants’ knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of the trial, identified facilitators and barriers to enrollment and retention, and compared participant responses by study site, sex, and study drug adherence. Our findings point to several factors to consider for participant retention and adherence in PrEP trials and programs, including conducting pre-enrollment education and myth reduction counseling, providing accurate estimates of participant obligations and side effect symptoms, ensuring participant understanding of the effects of non-adherence, gauging personal commitment and interest in study outcomes, and developing a strong external social support network for participants.

关键词： Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis HIV/AIDS botswana Qualitative Research

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Demographic, Socio-Economic and Psychosocial Determinants of Current and Consistent Condom Use among Adolescents in botswana

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World Journal of AIDS 2016年第4期6卷 137-156页

作者： Enock Ngome Department of Population Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana Demography and Population Studies Program University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Background: To facilitate effective program designs aimed at assisting youth avoid unnecessary negative reproductive health outcomes, there is need to understand determinants of condom use among adolescents. Objectives: To determine demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors associated with adolescent condom use in botswana. Methods: Logistic regression models were employed to analyse a weighted sample of 221 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years from the 2012 botswana AIDS Impact Survey who had a sexual relationship during the 12 months preceding the survey. Results: A majority of adolescents were current and consistent condom users (81% and 72% respectively). Both current and consistent condom use were positively associated with secondary or higher education, unemployed, high perception of severity of HIV to health and high self-efficacy perception. However, being female, non-Christian, having medium or comprehensive HIV/AIDS related knowledge and high perceived personal risk to HIV infection were negatively associated with both outcomes. Although being 18 to 19 years, having multiple sexual partners and high perception of condom attributes were positively associated with current condom use, they were negatively associated with consistent use. Conclusions: The study showed that in addition to demographic and socioeconomic factors, psychosocial factors are important predictors for condom use among adolescents.

关键词： Adolescents Condom Use Psychosocial botswana

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