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A short climatology of black and brown carbon and their sources at a suburban site impacted by smoke in Brazil

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第2期136卷 498-511页

作者： Admir Creso Targino Patricia Krecl Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa Eva Maria Mollinedo Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering Federal University of TechnologyAv.Pioneiros 3131LondrinaPR 86036-370Brazil Department of Environmental Engineering Federal University of TechnologyAv.Pioneiros 3131LondrinaPR 86036-370Brazil

Emissions from biomass burning challenge efforts to curb air pollution in cities downwind of fire-prone regions,as they contribute large amounts of brown carbon(Br C)and black carbon(BC)particles.We investigated the patterns of Br C and BC concentrations using Aethalometer data(atλ=370 and 880 nm,respectively)spanning four years at a site impacted by the outflow of smoke.The data required to be post processed for the shadowing effect since,without correction,concentrations would be between 29%and 35%underestimated.The Br C concentrations were consistently higher than the BC concentrations,indicating the prevalence of aerosols from biomass burning.The results were supported by the Angstrom coefficient(A_(370/880)),with values predominantly larger than 1(mean±standard deviation:1.25±0.31).A_(370/880)values below 1 were more prevalent during the wet season,which suggests a contribution from fossil fuel combustion.We observed sharp Br C and BC seasonal signals,with mean minimum concentrations of 0.40μg/m^(3)and 0.36μg/m^(3),respectively,in the wet season,and mean maximum concentrations of 2.05μg/m^(3)and 1.53μg/m^(3)in the dry season.The largest concentrations were observed when northerly air masses moved over regions with a high density of fire spots.Local burning of residential solid waste and industrial combustion caused extreme Br C and BC concentrations under favourable wind directions.Although neither pollutant is included in any ambient air quality standards,our results suggest that transboundary smoke may hamper efforts to meet the World Health Organization guidelines for fine particles.

关键词： Light-absorbing carbonaceous matter black carbon Wildfires Biomass burning Aethalometer

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Evaluating the performance and influencing factors of three portable black carbon monitors for field measurement

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第5期139卷 320-333页

作者： Liqing Wu Yicheng Shen Fei Che Yuzhe Zhang Jian Gao Chong Wang State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Jinan Ecological Environmental Protection Grid-Based Supervision Center Jinan 250013China

black carbon(BC)is associated with adverse human health and climate change.Mapping BC spatial distribution imperatively requires low-cost and portable devices.Several portable BC monitors are commercially available,but their accuracy and reliability are not always satisfactory during continuous field observation.This study evaluated three models of portable black carbon monitors,C12,MA350 and DST,and investigates the factors that affect their performance.The monitors were tested in urban Beijing,where portable devices running for one month alongside a regular-size reference aethalometer AE33.The study considers several factors that could influence the monitors'performance,including ambient weather,aerosol composition,loading artifacts,and built-in algorithms.The results show that MA350and DST present considerable discrepancies to the reference instrument,mainly occurring at lower concentrations(0-500 ng/m^(3))and higher concentrations(2500-8000 ng/m^(3)),respectively.These discrepancies were likely caused by the anomalous noise of MA350 and the loading artifacts of DST.The study also suggests that the ambient environment has limited influence on the monitors'performance,but loading artifacts and accompanying compensation algorithms can result in unrealistic data.Based on the evaluation,the study suggests that C12 is the best choice for unsupervised field measurement,DST should be used in scenarios where frequent maintenance is available,and MA350 is suitable for research purposes with post-processing applicable.The study highlights the importance of assigning portable BC monitors to appropriate applications and the need for optimized real-time compensation algorithms.

关键词： black carbon Aethalometer Loading artifact Performance evaluation Portable device

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Health risks and sources of trace elements and black carbon in PM_(2.5)from 2019 to 2021 in Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第8期142卷 69-82页

作者： Chenjie Hua Wei Ma Feixue Zheng Yusheng Zhang Jiali Xie Li Ma Boying Song Chao Yan Hongyan Li Zhen Liu Qian Liu Markku Kulmala Yongchun Liu Aerosol and Haze Laboratory Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing 100029China Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research Faculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki 00014Finland School of Environment and Safety Taiyuan University of Science and TechnologyTaiyuan 030024China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China

A comprehensive health risk assessment of PM_(2.5)is meaningful to understand the current status and directions regarding further improving air quality from the perspective of human health.In this study,we evaluated the health risks of PM_(2.5)as well as highly toxic inorganic components,including heavy metals(HMs)and black carbon(BC)based on longterm observations in Beijing from 2019 to 2021.Our results showed that the relative risks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,lung cancer,acute lower respiratory tract infection,ischemic heart disease,and stroke decreased by 4.07%-9.30%in 2020 and 2.12%-6.70%in2021 compared with 2019.However,they were still at high levels ranging from 1.26 to 1.77,in particular,stroke showed the highest value in 2021.Mn had the highest hazard quotient(HQ,from 2.18 to 2.56)for adults from 2019 to 2021,while Ni,Cr,Pb,As,and BC showed high carcinogenic risks(CR>1.0×10^(-6))for adults.The HQ values of Mn and As and the CR values of Pb and As showed constant or slight upwards trends during our observations,which is in contrast to the downward trends of other HMs and PM_(2.5).Mn,Cr,and BC are crucial toxicants in PM_(2.5).A significant shrink of southern region sourcesof HMs and BCshrank suggests the increased importance of local sources.Industry,dust,and biomass burning are the major contributors to the non-carcinogenic risks,while traffic emissions and industry are the dominant contributors to the carcinogenic risks in Beijing.

关键词： PM_(2.5) Heavy metals black carbon Health risk Source apportionment

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A progress review of black carbon deposition on Arctic snow and ice and its impact on climate change

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Advances in Polar Science 2024年第2期35卷 178-191页

作者： ZHANG Zilu ZHOU Libo ZHANG Meigen Department of Lower Atmosphere Observation Research(LAOR) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Science University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

The rapid warming of the Arctic,accompanied by glacier and sea ice melt,has significant consequences for the Earth’s climate,ecosystems,and economy.black carbon(BC)deposition on snow and ice can trigger a significant reduction in snow albedo and accelerate melting of snow and ice in the Arctic.By reviewing the published literatures over the past decades,this work provides an overview of the progress in both the measurement and modeling of BC deposition and its impact on Arctic climate change.In summary,the maximum value of BC deposition appears in the western Russian Arctic(26 ng·g^(–1)),and the minimum value appears in Greenland(3 ng·g^(–1)).BC records in the Arctic ice core already peaked in 1920s and 1970s,and shows a regional difference between Greenland and Canadian Arctic.The different temporal variations of Arctic BC ice core records in different regions are closely related to the large variability of BC emissions and transportation processes across the Arctic region.Model simulations usually underestimate the concentration of BC in snow and ice by 2–3 times,and cannot accurately reflect the seasonal and regional changes in BC deposition.Wet deposition is the main removal mechanism of BC in the Arctic,and observations show different seasonal variations in BC wet deposition in Ny-Ålesund and Barrow.This discrepancy may result from varying contributions of anthropogenic and biomass burning(BB)emissions,given the strong influence by BC from BB emissions at Barrow.Arctic BC deposition significantly influences regional climate change in the Arctic,increasing fire activities in the Arctic have made BB source of Arctic BC more crucial.On average,BC in Arctic snow and ice causes an increase of+0.17 W·m^(–2)in radiative forcing and 8 Gt·a^(–1)in runoff in Greenland.As stressed in the latest Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme report,reliable source information and long-term and high-resolution observations on Arctic BC deposition will be crucial for a more comprehensive understanding and a better mitigation

关键词： Arctic climate black carbon albedo snow deposition

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black carbon Size in Snow of Chinese Altai Mountain in Central Asia

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第7期40卷 1199-1211页

作者： Yulan ZHANG Shichang KANG Tanguang GAO Michael SPRENGER Wei ZHANG Zhaoqing WANG State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental System(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH ZurichCH-8092 ZurichSwitzerland College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

black carbon(BC)in snow plays an important role to accelerate snow melting.However,current studies mostly focused on BC concentrations,few on their size distributions in snow which affected BC’s effect on albedo changes.Here we presented refractory BC(rBC)concentrations and size distributions in snow collected from Chinese Altai Mountains in Central Asia from November 2016 to April 2017.The results revealed that the average rBC concentrations were 5.77 and2.82 ng g-1for the surface snow and sub-surface snow,which were relatively higher in the melting season(April)than that in winter(November-January).The mass median volume-equivalent diameter of rBC size in surface snow was approximately at 120-150 nm,which was typically smaller than that in the atmosphere(about 200 nm for urban atmosphere).However,there existed no specific mass median volume-equivalent diameter of BC size for sub-surface snow in winter.While during the melting season,the median mass size of rBC in sub-surface snow was similar to that in surface snow.Backward trajectories indicated that anthropogenic sourced BC dominated rBC in snow(70%-85%).This study will promote our understanding on BC size distributions in snow,and highlight the possible impact of BC size on climate effect.

关键词： black carbon snow cover snow melting Central Asia

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Origins of black carbon from anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning transported to Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第3期125卷 277-289页

作者： Xuyan Liu SiwenWang Qianqian Zhang Chunlai Jiang Linlin Liang Shihao Tang Xingying Zhang Xiuzhen Han Lin Zhu National Satellite Meteorological Center Beijing 100081China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Department of Multiphase Chemistry Max Planck Institute for ChemistryMainz 55128Germany Research Center for Total Pollution Load Control and Emission Trading Chinese Academy of Environmental PlanningBeijing 100012China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

black carbon(BC) has importance regarding aerosol composition, radiative balance, and human exposure. This study adopted a backward-trajectory approach to quantify the origins of BC from anthropogenic emissions(BCAn) and open biomass burning(BCBB) transported to Xishuangbanna in 2017. Haze months, between haze and clean months, and clean months in Xishuangbanna were defined according to daily PM_(2.5)concentrations of >75, 35–75, and<35 μg/m^(3), respectively. Results showed that the transport efficiency density(TED) of BC transported to Xishuangbanna was controlled by the prevailing winds in different seasons.The yearly contributions to the effective emission intensity of BCAnand BCBBtransported to Xishuangbanna were 52% and 48%, respectively. However, when haze occurred in Xishuangbanna, the average BCAnand BCBBcontributions were 23% and 77%, respectively. This suggests that open biomass burning(BB) becomes the dominant source in haze months. Myanmar, India, and Laos were the dominant source regions of BC transported to Xishuangbanna during haze months, accounting for 59%, 18%, and 13% of the total, respectively. Furthermore, India was identified as the most important source regions of BCAntransported to Xishuangbanna in haze months, accounting for 14%. The two countries making the greatest contributions to BCBBtransported to Xishuangbanna were Myanmar and Laos in haze months, accounting for 55% and 13%, respectively. BC emissions from Xishuangbanna had minimal effects on the results of the present study. It is suggested that open BB in Myanmar and Laos, and anthropogenic emissions in India were responsible for poor air quality in Xishuangbanna.

关键词： black carbon Xishuangbanna Effective emission intensity Anthropogenic emissions Open biomass burning

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Enhanced mixing state of black carbon with nitrate in single particles during haze periods in Zhengzhou, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第1期34卷 185-196页

作者： Qianni Zhou Chunlei Cheng Suxia Yang Minghao Yuan Jingjing Meng Haifeng Gong Qien Zhong Yao Zhang Yutong Xie Zhen Zhou Mei Li Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air PollutionJinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632China Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality Guangzhou 510632China School of Environment and Planning Liaocheng UniversityLiaocheng 252000China Institute for Environment and Climate Research Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510632China Zhengzhou Environmental Protection Monitoring Center Station Zhengzhou 450007China

black carbon(BC)plays an important role in air quality and climate change,which is closely associated with its mixing state and chemical compositions.In this work the mixing state of BC-containing single particles was investigated to explore the evolution process of ambient BC particles using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer(SPAMS)in March 2018 in Zhengzhou,China.The BC-containing particles accounted for 61.4%of total detected ambient single particles and were classified into five types including BC-nitrate(BC-N,52.3%)as the most abundant species,followed by BC-nitrate-sulfate(BC-NS,22.4%),BCOC(16.8%),BC-fresh(BC-F,4.5%)and BC-sulfate particles(BC-S,4.0%).With enhancement of the ambient nitrate concentration,the relative peak area(RPA)of nitrate in BC-N and BC–NS particles both increased,yet only the number fraction(N_(f))of BC–N particles increased while the N_(f) of BC-NS particles decreased,suggesting that the enhanced mixing state of BC with nitrate was mainly due to the increase in the ambient nitrate mass concentration.In addition,the Nfof BC-N decreased from 65.3%to 28.4%as the absorbing Angstrom exponents(AAE)of e BC increased from 0.75 to 1.45,which indicated the reduction of light absorption ability of aged BC particles with the enhanced formation of BC-N particles.The results of this work indicated a change in the mixing state of BC particles due to the dominance of nitrate in PM_(2.5),which also influenced the optical properties of aged BC particles.

关键词： Single particle black carbon Mixing state Nitrate Aging process

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Changes in regional religious activities in the last millennium recorded by black carbon in Lake Dalzong,northeastern Tibetan Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第2期66卷 303-315页

作者： Xuyi MA Duo WU Yuan LIANG Zijie YUAN Tao WANG Youmo LI Ngondzin Ngawang Gyatso College of Earth and Environmental Sciences MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental SystemsLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China Center for Studies of Ethnic Groups in Northwest China of Lanzhou University Lanzhou730000China

The ecological environment of the Tibetan Plateau,known as the“Third Pole of the Earth”,is extremely sensitive and fragile.With rapid societal development,environmental problems on the Tibetan Plateau have become prominent,as it is downwind of the emission sources from densely populated areas in the Middle East and South Asia,and the plateau has become one of the regions significantly affected by transboundary pollutant transmission(including black carbon,BC).The Tibetan Plateau has a long history of life and religious sacrifices,including aromatic plant-burning,which were recorded in the geologic record;therefore,BC can be used as a potential indicator to study the changes in religious activities.In this study,BC analysis was carried out based on the plausible dating framework tested by the AMS14C and137Cs methods on successive sediment cores from Lake Dalzong,an alpine lake in the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,northeast of the Tibetan Plateau.It was found that the BC in the lake sediments mainly accumulated through proximity wet deposition,and its content changes reflected the prevalence of surrounding religious activities.The study results indicate that the area of Lake Dalzong has experienced three periods of enhanced religious activities in the last millennium:1490-1565 CE(mid-Ming Dynasty),1810-1890 CE(late Qing Dynasty),and 1920 CE to the present(since the founding of the Republic of China),and the increase in religious activities on this centennial time scale is a response to concurrent social development.This study is the first to extract information on the variation in religious activities from lake sediments on the Tibetan Plateau,which will help advance the study of the historical context of the Anthropocene on the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Lake Dalzong black carbon Millennium Religious activities

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Concentrations and light absorption properties of PM_(2.5) organic and black carbon based on online measurements in Lanzhou, China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第9期131卷 84-95页

作者： Pengfei Chen Shichang Kang Qinyi Gan Ye Yu Xianlei Yuan Yajun Liu Lekhendra Tripathee Xiaoxiang Wang Chaoliu Li State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Lanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesCASLanzhou 730000China Xinjiang Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Meteorological Bureau Korla 841000China

To elucidate the variations in mass concentrations of organic carbon(OC)and black carbon(BC)in PM_(2.5) and their light absorption characteristics in Lanzhou,we conducted one-year online measurements by using a newly developed total carbon analyzer(TCA08)coupled with an aethalometer(AE33)from July 2018 to July 2019.The mean OC and BC concentrations were 6.4±4.4 and 2.0±1.3μg/m^(3),respectively.Clear seasonal variations were observed for both components,with winter having the highest concentrations,followed by autumn,spring,and summer.The diurnal variations of OC and BC concentrations were similar throughout the year,with daily two peaks occurring in the morning and evening,respectively.A relatively low OC/BC ratio(3.3±1.2,n=345)were observed,indicating that fossil fuel combustion was the primary source of the carbonaceous components.This is further substantiated by relatively low biomass burning contribution(f_(biomass):27.1%±11.3%)to BC using aethalometer based measurement though f_(biomass) value which increased significantly in winter(41.6%±5.7%).We estimated a considerable brown carbon(BrC)contribution to the total absorption coefficient(b_(abs))at 370 nm(yearly average of 30.8%±11.1%),with a winter maximum of 44.2%±4.1%and a summer minimum of 19.2%±4.2%.Calculation of the wavelength dependence of total b_(abs) revealed an annual mean AAE_(370-520) value of 4.2±0.5,with slightly higher values in spring and winter.The mass absorption cross-section of BrC also exhibited higher values in winter,with an annual mean of 5.4±1.9 m^(2)/g,reflecting the impact of emissions from increased biomass burning on BrC concentrations.

关键词： black carbon Brown carbon Light absorption Source Lanzhou

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Real-Time black carbon Emissions from Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles Using a Portable Emissions Measurement System

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Engineering 2022年第9期16卷 73-81页

作者： Xuan Zheng Liqiang He Xiaoyi He Shaojun Zhang Yihuan Cao Jiming Hao Ye Wu College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for Sustainable Systems School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109-1041USA State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion sources.On-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic BC.However,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly lacking.We developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use LDPVs.We demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 mg.km^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 mg.km^(-1))by a factor of 11.The BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC emissions.Moreover,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

关键词： black carbon Light-duty gasoline vehicles Portable emissions measurement system Real-time emissions

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