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Modern black sea oceanography applied to the end-Permian extinction event

Journal of Palaeogeography 2015年第1期4卷 52-62页

作者： Steve Kershaw Institute for the Environment Health and Societies Brunel UniversityKingston LaneUxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH UK

The modern black sea has a mixed upper layer in the top 150-200 m of the water column, below which the water is anoxic, separated from the mixed layer by a redox boundary. There is limited vertical movement of water. Pyrite framboids form in the water column of the anoxic zone, then have been traditionally interpreted to sink immediately and accumulate in the sediments of the black sea. Thus the occurrence of framboids in sediments in the rock record is widely interpreted to indicate poorly oxygenated to anoxic conditions in ancient environments. However, in the Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites of South China, which formed in shallow marine conditions in contact with the atmosphere, the published occurrence of framboids is inconsistent with abundant gastropod and ostracod shells in the microbialite. Furthermore, in the modern black sea, （a） framboids may be suspended, attached to organic matter in the water column, thus not settle to the sea floor immediately after formation; and （b） the redox zone is an unstable complex area subject to rapid vertical water movement including occasional upwelling. The model presented here supposes that upwelling through the redox zone can lead to upward transport of suspended pyrite framboids into the mixed layer. Advective circulation could then draw suspended framboids onto the shelf to be deposited in oxygenated sediments. In the Permian-Triassic transition, if framboids were upwelled from below the redox boundary and mixed with oxygenated waters, sediment deposited in these conditions could provide a mixed signal for potentially misleading interpretations of low oxygen conditions. However, stratigraphic sampling resolution of post-extinction microbialites is currently insufficient to demonstrate possible separation of framboid-bearing layers from those where framboids are absent. Profound differences between microbialite constructors and sequences between the western and eastern Tethys demonstrate barriers to migra

关键词： mass extinction Permian-Triassic boundary microbialite ostracods gastro-pods anoxia black sea

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Mineralogy of Holocene Sediments from the Southwestern black sea Shelf(Turkey)in Relation to Provenance,sea-level and Current Regimes

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2005年第4期79卷 552-563页

作者： Emel BAYHAN Mustafa ERGÌN Abidin TEMEL Seref KESKÌN Faculty of Engineering Department of Geological EngineeringHacettepe UniversityBeytepeAnkaraTurkey Ankara University Geological Research Center for FluvialLacustrine and Marine Environments(AGDEJAM)and Faculty of EngineeringDepartment of Geological EngineeringTandogan06100 AnkaraTurkey Faculty of Engineering Department of Geological EngineeringNigde University51100 NigdeTurkey

Grain size and mineral composition of core sediments were used to investigate influences of various terrestrial and marine conditions,which have prevailed on the southwestern black sea shelf during the *** mud with small amounts of sand and gravel from nearby coastal hinterland is the principal sediment type,whereas sediments deposited near the shelf edge and the Istanbul Strait and off the Duru Lake(a paleo-river mouth)constitued large quantities of sand and gravel of both biogenic and terrigenic *** amounts of aragonite,1 nmmicas,quartz,feldspars,calcite and dolomite constitute the dominant non-clay minerals in bulk *** clay mineral assemblage in the〈2μm fraction is made up of smectite,illite,kaolinite and *** and calcite are mainly derived from benthic accumulations,whereas feldspars(mainly plagioclase)and smectite reflect magmaticvolcanic provenance and the distribution of 1 nm-micas and chlorite correlate with nearby metamorphic sources ***,grain size and mineral distribution generally indicate a combination of effects of wind and wave climate,longshore and offshore cyclonic currents,changing sea-level stands and nearby source rock and morphological *** is also suggested that at least part of clay minerals could be derived from the northwesterly Danube River input.

关键词： black sea shelf Holocene sediment bulk minerals clay minerals source currents transportation

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Retrieving Remotely Sensed Data Using Plank Algorithm in the black sea and Surrounding seas (2008-2018)

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第1期10卷 65-77页

作者： Şeyma Merve Kaymaz Mühling Istanbul Turkey

The black sea is the world’s largest inner sea, its only connections with other seas being the Kerch Strait, which leads to the Azov sea, and the Istanbul Strait, which connects it with the Mediterranean sea. The main aim of this study processes to image analysis and applied algorithm, to retrieve remote SST data from satellite, to assess the estimated SSTs, to understand the characteristics of SST by presenting in the black sea and surrounding seas, to discuss the SSTs changes according to climate change impacts. In this study, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) Level-1 images of TIR bands are used to predict sea Surface Temperature (SST) changes using the Plank algorithm in the black sea and surrounding seas between 2008 and 2018. The SST values were taken from 55 different stations chosen from the study area. The SST result presented the central months of the four hydrological seasons. The increasing temperature data were supported by the literature studies that alien invasive species entered the black sea. The climatic fluctuations obtained as a result of this study will increase the invasion level of non-native species and their invasion will continue into the black sea and surrounding seas.

关键词： black sea SST Invasive Species Mediterranization

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An Integrated Coastal Zone Management （ICZM） Project： CoastLearn in black sea （CLBS）

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Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 2012年第1期2卷 55-60页

作者： Levent Bat Murat Sezgin Oylum Gokkurt Baki Fisheries Faculty Sinop University Sinop TR5 7000 Turkey

The importance attached to the need for sustainable development in the coastal areas is increasing. A management plan is required to minimize the environmental destruction resulting from the complexity of the property in coastal areas, of human activities and of natural systems and to utilize the coastal resources effectively. The utilization of coasts, besides becoming very important particularly in views of tourism, has faced pressures caused by huge. These areas are mostly self-contradictory demands for the environmental protection. The project is an EU Life Long Learning Programme Project and the project duration is 24 months. The aim of the CoastLearn in black sea （CLBS） is to mobilize the human resources in the tourism and coastal management sector in black sea in general and notably Sinop, Varna and Constanta by raising awareness among the local decision making mechanisms of the integrated coastal zone management in order to encourage people to utilize the coastal resources in a coherent and balanced way.

关键词： Integrated coastal zone management black sea coastline.

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Population dynamics of Philocheras trispinosus(Crangonidae)with abundance of other caridean shrimps(Crustacea:Decapoda)caught by beam trawl in the Southern black sea,Turkey

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2016年第5期4卷 358-363页

作者： Sabri Bilgin Necla Yılmaz Sinop University Faculty of Fisheries TR57100SinopTurkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Fisheries TR53100RizeTurkey

Objective:To determine growth and reproduction biology of Philocheras trispinosus(***)with abundance of other caridean shrimps caught by beam trawl in the Southern black ***:Samplings were carried out monthly with a beam trawl of 2 m length and 15 mm cod-end mesh size between December 2012 and November *** individuals were sampled between 1 and 40+m water depth from 146 ***:A total of 550 ***,618 Palaemon adspersus,12 Palaemon serratus,11 Philocheras fasciatus and 10 Crangon crangon were sampled during the study *** crangonid shrimps started appearing during the winter and spring and the number of individuals increased to reach their highest value in mid-winter and *** seasonal von Bertalanffy growth parameters for *** were estimated as L_(∞)=29.3 mm total length,K=0.860/year,t_(0)=–0.900 year,C=0.180,and t_(s)=*** start of the slow growth period was at the beginning of July(WP=0.510).Ovigerous females appeared in the sampling area between January and *** at sexual maturity was estimated as 25.69 mm total ***:The results supported the distribution and abundance of caridean shrimp species from the study area and the population dynamics of the most abundant shrimp species,*** current study can be answered as baseline data prior to management strategies to ensure sustainable conservation of the shrimp species.

关键词： Caridean shrimps Abundance Growth Length frequency distribution analysis black sea

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The seasonal Variations of the Climatic Circulation of the black sea along the Axis of Divergence Zone

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Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 2013年第7期3卷 506-514页

作者： Olga Andrianova Radomir Belevich Hydroacoustic Branch of Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine Odessa 65082 Ukraine

The spatial position, seasonal variability and intensity of the main flow and the cyclonic circulation of the black sea waters along the axis of the divergence were identified. Corresponding calculations were done with using of the dynamic method and based on the climate data set of temperature and salinity for the surface and intermediate layers of the black sea. The important role of spring floods on the rivers of the northern-western black sea in the development of the water circulation features was shown because this river＇s water and main black sea current interact with the periphery of the western and eastern cyclonic circulation. This process is dominated at the western part sea surface cyclone： in spring and at eastern, in summer and autumn. The flow rate and nature of seasonal migration cyclonic centers were estimated. The results of research are based on a relatively large scale （40＇ latitude and 60＇ longitude） averaging and we have identified the main area of water divergence. Small, localized areas of convergence and divergence of flow that are presented in the black sea were not included into the scope of our research.

关键词： black sea divergence zone seasonal variations temperature salinity river's water main flow gyres.

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Biological parameters and feeding behaviour of invasive whelk Rapana venosa Valenciennes,1846 in the south-eastern black sea of Turkey

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014年第6期 442-446页

作者： Hacer Saglam Ertug Düzgünes Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Marine ScienceÇamburnu 61530TrabzonTurkey

Objective:To determine length-weight relationships,growth type and feeding behavior of the benthic predator Rapa whelk at the coast of Camburnu,south-eastern black ***:Rapa whelk was monthly collected by dredge sampling on the south-eastern black sea at 20 m *** relationships between morphometric parameters of Rapa whelk were described by linear and exponential *** allometric growth of each variable relative to shell length(SL)was calculated from the function Y=aSL^(b) or logY=loga_(+)*** functional regression b values were tested by t-test at the 0.05 significance level if it was significantly different from isometric *** total time spent on feeding either on mussel tissue or live mussels was recorded for each individual under controlled conditions in ***:The length-weight relationships showed positive allometric growth and no inter-sex *** size in the male population was significantly higher than in the individuals of the *** characters in males and females showed a trend towards allometry rather than *** the total time spent feeding increased with increasing prey size the total time that Rapana venosa spent feeding decreased with increasing Rapa whelk *** total average feeding time needed by Rapa whelks was 160 *** they took 310 min on live mussels in 27-28℃ in the laboratory ***:Length and weight relationships,growth type,total time spent feeding of this species were explained in details for this *** would be useful to sustainable management in the south-eastern black sea of *** results about the feeding behaviour of this species will contribute to the understanding of the role of this species within the ecosystem.

关键词： Rapana venosa Rapa whelk Length-weight relationships Growth type Feeding behaviour black sea

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Heavy metal concentrations in macroalgae species from Sinop coasts of the Southern black sea

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2016年第11期4卷 841-845页

作者： Levent Bat Elif Arici Department of Hydrobiology Fisheries FacultySinop University57000SinopTurkey

Objective:To determine the concentrations of Fe,Zn,Ni,Cu,Mn,Pb,Cd and Co in macroalgae from Sinop coasts of the Sounthern black ***:Chlorophyta-green algae(Chaetomorpha spp.,Cladophora spp.,Ulva linza,Ulva intestinalis,Ulva lactuca,Ulva rigida);Ochrophyta-brown alga[Cystoseira barbata(***)]and Rhodophyta-red algae(Ceramium spp.,Corallina panizzoi)were collected seasonally in the year 2010 from the upper infralittoral zone of inner harbour,outer harbour,Gerze and Ayancık of Sinop coasts of the black *** samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in order to determine heavy metal levels in different algal division species along Sinop coasts and to provide information of marine environment quality as marine strategy framework directive is aimed to ensure good environmental status of the seas by 2020 in the European ***:The results showed that metal concentrations in all studied green algae,brown alga and red algae increase in the order:Cd

关键词： Heavy metals Macroalgae black sea Sinop Coast Marine strategy framework directive

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沉默燃烧的欢愉感受black forest black sea

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音乐大观 2006年第8期 14-15页

作者：王杀

　　有人把许多的歌唱深埋了起来.属于自己的压抑与平静也在对等着.虽然black forest black sea中有一个清亮的女声,但凭着直觉我还是会相信她是不怎么看重歌唱的.……

关键词：燃烧 black sea 歌唱

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Violation of the Convention on the Protection of the black sea against Pollution,Bucharest’s Convention of 1992 and the Sofia Protocol of 2018 by Turkish Government’s Sinop Nuclear Power Complex Project

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(A) 2021年第1期10卷 34-38页

作者： Hayrettin Kilic Ismail Hakki Atal The Green Think Tank of Turunch Foundation HobokenNew Jersey 07030USA Member of the Adana Bar Association Adana 01000Turkey

On September 12th,2020,the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning issued a final approved version of an EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment)report for the Sinop(4,800 MWe)nuclear power plant and nuclear fuel fabrication complex project,located on Turkey’s Southern black sea coastline,in the Sinop Providence,which will be built on a BOO(Build-Own-Operate)basis by an offshore company known as General Directorate of Electricity Generation Inc.(EUAS)International ICC,along with unknown shadowy partners and *** project violates the Convention on the Protection of the black sea against Pollution,namely,Bucharest’s Convention of 1992,and the Sofia Protocol of 2018 which are established to preserve the uniqueness of the black sea,sustain the fisheries,and protect marine *** black sea is the largest anoxic water basin in the world with oxygen rich surface waters supporting marine life which constitute only about 13% of the black sea *** the rest of the entire black sea at a depth greater than 150-200 m,there is a permanent hydrogen sulphide zone devoid of life,the oxygen is completely absent after this *** unique bio-hydrological characteristic has been regulating the preconditions of its following distinctive biodiversity for thousands of *** biologically rich regions are only limited to only oxygen rich shelf zones,with depths of up to 50-100 m in the southern coast line,and in the northern black sea shallow-water areas with depths of up to 5-10 *** water body,bordering the hydrogen sulphide zone,is approximately 200-300 m wide and averages 5-50 m deep,in which high concentrations of fish eggs and larvae strive,and circulate counterclockwise along 4340 km coastline of the black sea.

关键词： Bucharest convention protection black sea nuclear power plant pollution

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