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Determining the environmental and atmospheric effects of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)quarantining by studying the total aerosol optical depth,black carbon,organic matter,and sulfate in Blida City of Algeria

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Global Health Journal 2021年第1期5卷 37-43页

作者： Foued Chabane Ali Arif Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Science and Technology University of BiskraBiskra 07000Algeria Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Technology University of BiskraBiskra 07000Algeria

Background:To study,estimate and discuss the variations of the aerosol optical depth(AOD),black carbon,sulfate and organic matter,in the atmosphere in Blida City of Algeria,which was greatly affected by COVID-19 ***:We analyzed the effects of changes in the total AOD,black carbon,sulfate,and organic matter in the atmosphere(λ=550 nm)in the same period of 2019 and 2020,following the COVID-19 epidemic in Blida City,which was the most-affected city in ***:The quarantine that was enacted to limit the spread of COVID-19 resulted in side effects that were identifiable in the total AOD and in some of its atmospheric *** these variables in 2019 and 2020(in the months during the quarantine)revealed that in April,the BCAOD values were much lower in 2020than in ***:Based on the effects of the emerging COVID-19,the research listed the changes received from the AOD,and is considered as a comparative study and represents a significant side effect of the quarantine that was mainly designed to limit COVID-19.

关键词： Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) Aerosol optical depth(AOD) black carbon Organic matter Sulfate Blida City Algeria

Estimate the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2015年第2期7卷 111-120页

作者： ZhongMing Guo NingLian Wang XiaoBo Wu HongBo Wu YuWei Wu State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Environment Science Nanjing Xiaozhuang University

Estimation of the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo is essential in obtaining the accurate albedo. In this paper, field measurement data, including snow grain size, snow depth and density was obtained. black carbon samples were collected from the snow surface. A simultaneous observation using Analytical Spectral Devices was employed in the Qiyi Glacier located in the Qilian Mountain. Analytical Spectral Devices spectrum data were used to analyze spectral re- flectance of snow for different grain size and black carbon content. The measurements were compared with the results obtained from the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation model, and the simulation was found to correlate well with the ob- served data. However, the simulated albedo was near to 0.98 times of the measured albedo, so the other factors were as- sumed to be constant using the corrected Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation model to estimate the influence of measured snow grain size and black carbon on albedo. Field measurements were controlled to fit the relationship between the snow grain size and black carbon in order to estimate the influence of these factors on the snow albedo.

关键词： snow grain size black carbon albedo measured data

Large spread across AeroCom Phase II models in simulating black carbon in melting snow over Arctic sea ice

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Advances in Polar Science 2020年第4期31卷 291-298页

作者： PAN Shifeng DUAN Mingkeng Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change(ILCEC) Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China

Over two dozen global atmospheric chemistry models contributing to the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models(AeroCom)project were used in this study to drive the Los Alamos sea ice model to simulate the black carbon(BC)concentration in melting snow on Arctic sea *** of BC during the melting season show concentrations in the range 2.8–41.6 ng·g−1(average:15.3 ng·g−1)in the central Arctic Ocean and Canada *** results from models contributing to the Phase I project were within the 25th and 75th percentiles of the observations,and the multimodel mean was slightly lower than that of the *** contrast,there was larger divergence among the Phase II model simulations and the mean value of BC was *** multimodel mean bias was−3.1(−11.2 to+6.7)ng·g−1 for Phase I models and+3.9(−9.5 to+21.3)ng·g−1 for Phase II *** differences between the models of the two phases were probably attributable to the updated aerosol scheme in the new contributions,in which removal processes are parameterized by considering the actual dimensions and chemical compositions of the *** means the removal mechanism acts in a way that is more selective and leads to more BC particles being transported to the *** addition,higher spatial resolution could be another important reason for overestimation of BC concentration in snow in Phase II models.

关键词： black carbon AeroCom melting snow Arctic sea ice

black carbon in Urban Atmosphere: Optical Parameters, Chemical Compositions and Source Profiles From Near-source to Ambient Environment

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Black Carbon in Urban Atmosphere: Optical Parameters, Chemic...

black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across Northern China

第十八届中国科协年会——分12 大气雾霾及PM2.5控制先进技术研讨会

作者： Qian ZHANG Zhenxing SHEN Zhi NING Dane WESTERDAHL Junji CAO Nirmal Kumar GALI Guoliang LI Li SUN Yali LEI Tingting WU Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

black carbon(BC) is a strong light absorbing material in the fine Particulate Matter(PM) and has been often mixed with other toxic constituents, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(p-PAHs) or sulfate. The purpose of this study is to compare the dynamic of PM size distribution and the temporal pattern of BC and p-PAHs between near-source roadside site appeared as fresh particles and typical urban ambient site appeared as aged particles in Hong Kong from Jan. 25 to Mar. 1, 2016. High numbers of smaller size particle(0nm) and high BC and p-PAHs levels appear in the two rush hours at the roadside site, emphasizing the vehicle emissions play a significant role in this region. Total fresh BC and fresh p-PAHs at the roadside site averaged 3.8 ugm and 11.5 ngm and at urban ambient site the average values are 1.3 ugm and 4.1 ngm, respectively. The diurnal variations of aged BC and p-PAHs at 12:00 on weekdays were different from those on weekends by an obvious "unimodal" distribution. Higher correlation value(R=0.73, p<0.001) was obtained between aged BC and p-PAHs than those in fresh particles. Hourly ratios of aged p-PAHs/BC were increasing at 9:00 and started decreasing at 15:00 on weekdays. These results suggest that the intensive mixing processes of aged BC and aged p-PAHs occurred at noon. Typical optical parameters at 880 nm and 370 nm of aged and fresh particles were calculated to estimate the influence of BC coatings. As for aged aerosol, both the peak of absorption coefficient(b) and b70nm/b80nm were obtained at noon(12:00) on weekdays, emphasizing that the UV-absorbing material was abundant at noon via photochemical reaction from precursors, such as p-PAHs. In addition, the aged Absorption Angstrom coefficient(AAC) at 370-950 nm ranges from 0.8 to 1.5 with a mean value of 1.4, showing that BC coatings can cause AAC greater or less than unity, as the absorption enhancement by lensing can have a direct or inverse wavelength-dependence.

关键词： black carbon mixing state p-PAHs fresh and aged

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Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow ac...

On board measurement of black carbon aerosols over the Arctic Ocean in summer

强化科技基础推进气象现代化——第29届中国气象学会...

作者： Sarah J.Doherty Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean

black carbon（BC）,organic carbon（OC）,and mineral dust（MD） are the most important light-absorbing particulate impurities in snow.A field campaign was conducted in January and February of 2010 to measure light-absorbing particles in snow across northern *** 400 snow samples were collected at 46 sites in 6 provinces.A spectrophotometer was used to separate snow particulate absorption by BC and non-BC constituents,based on the different spectral dependences of their light *** absorption by mineral dust is due to iron oxides,so iron concentration was determined by chemical *** assumed mass absorption efficiencies for BC,OC and iron,the fractional contribution of each to total absorption was *** lowest concentrations of BC were in the remote northeast on the border of Siberia,with an average concentration in surface snow of 135 *** of this,in the Industrial Northeast,the median snow BC concentration was 1220 *** the northeast,snow particulate light absorption was dominated by *** the grassland of Inner Mongolia OC,likely mostly from local soil,dominates light absorption,with median BC concentrations of 340 ng.g-1 responsible for only about a third of total particulate light *** the Qilian Mountains,at the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau,snow particulate light absorption is dominated by local soil and desert dust.

关键词： black carbon snow albedo light-absorbing particles absorption ngstrm exponent

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Advances in Polar Science 2011年第4期22卷 253-259页

作者： TANG Jie BIAN Lingen YAN Peng LAI Xin LU Changgui Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China

This paper presents aerosol black carbon （BC） concentrations measured at deck level on board the R/V XUE LONG icebreaker. The vessel cruised the Arctic Ocean carrying an in situ aethalometer during the summers of 2008 and 2010. The courses of the third Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （3rd CHINARE- Arctic, August 2008） and fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （4th CHINARE-Aretic, from late July to August 2010） were bounded by 173°W-143°W and 178°E-150°W, with northernmost points 85°25′N and 88°26′N, respectively. Results show low surface BC concentrations over the ocean throughout the courses, with means （standard error） of 6.0 （：t_4.7） ng.m-a for 3rd CHINARE-Arctic, and 8.4（±7.1） ng.m^-3 for 4th CHINARE- Arctic. It is clear that these onboard BC concentrations are similar to reported data from coastal stations in the Arctic region. The latitude-average BC concentration varied from 3.0-26.2 ng.m-3 for 3rd CHINARE-Arctic, to 4.2-20.5 ng-m-a for 4th CHINARE-Arctic. At latitudes higher than 72°N for 3rd CHINARE-Arctic and 75°N for 4th CHINARE-Arctic, BC concentrations were lower and had negligible latitudinal gradients. Analysis indicates that the presence of the Arctic front isolates the lower atmosphere of the high-latitude Arctic Ocean from low-latitude terrestrial transport. This maintains the very low BC concentrations and negligible concentration gradients at high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean during summer. Calculated airmass backward trajectories for the two expeditions show that the Arctic front in 2010 was further north than in 2008, which caused different latitudinal variation of BC concentration in the two years.

关键词： Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition black carbon aerosol observation

Measurement of Atmospheric black carbon Concentration in Rural and Urban Environments: Cases of Lamto and Abidjan

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2021年第11期12卷 855-872页

作者： Adjon A. Kouassi Madina Doumbia Siélé Silue Eric M. Yao Alima Dajuma Marcellin Adon N'datchoh E. Touré Véronique Yoboue Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technology (LSTE) Jean Lorougnon Guede University Daloa C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University Korhogo C&ocirc te d’Ivoire Laboratory of Matter Sciences Environment and Solar Energy (LASMES) Félix Houphou&euml t-Boigny University Abidjan C&ocirc te d’Ivoire

black carbon is one of the primary aerosols directly emitted from biomass known to have strong absorbing properties. The INDAAF and PASMU observational field campaigns which took place (2018) in Abidjan (urban area) and Lamto (rural area) allow the analysis of black carbon concentration at different time scales through real-time measurements using an analyzer named Aethalometer AE-33. Results presented here show at Lamto: 1) for the diurnal scale an average of 1.71 ± 0.3 μg⋅m-3 (0.34 ± 0.09 μg⋅m-3) in the dry (wet) season;2) for the monthly scale an average of 1.14 ± 0.84 μg⋅m-3;3) on the seasonal scale, an average of 2.2 ± 0.02 μg⋅m-3 (0.6 ± 0.19 μg⋅m-3) in the dry (wet) season. The black carbon variation at Lamto is seasonal with an amplification factor of 85.6. Regarding the urban area of Abidjan, due to sampling issues, our analyses were limited to daily, diurnal and weekly time scales. We observed: a) at a daily scale an average of 5.31.± 2.5 μg⋅m-3, b) diurnal scale, an average ranging from 6.87 to 13.92 μg⋅m-3. The analysis indicated that emissions from urban areas are more related to social and economic activities, with weekday concentrations (7.24 μg⋅m-3) higher than concentrations over the weekend (e.g. Saturday 6.59 μg⋅m-3 and Sunday 6.00 μg⋅m-3). Moreover, BC concentration in Abidjan is quite noticeable compared to that of rural areas (Lamto). The ratio between the maximum values of the two areas is of the order of 5.86. In addition, concentrations in some urban areas are slightly above the daily threshold set by the WHO (10 μg⋅m-3). Therefore, the levels of urban BC concentrations are alarming whilst rural BC concentrations remain below daily WHO thresholds and are of the same magnitude as those of West African megacities. This study underlies that BC concentrations at Lamto are mainly related to biomass combustion sources while those

关键词： carbonaceous Aerosols black carbon Source Apportionment Fossil Fuel Biomass Burning

Non-governmental organizations'influence on tackling black carbon in the shipping industry

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Advances in Polar Science 2016年第3期27卷 154-158页

作者： HAN Jialin Dalian Maritime University Dalian 116026China

This paper reviews the achievements of some typical non-governmental organizations （NGOs） in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping which enjoy the consultative status offered by the International Maritime Organization. It discusses the roles of the specific NGOs in dealing with black carbon in the Arctic region from the perspective of global governance to gain insights to guide our involvements in the Arctic affairs and shipping in the region by taking the advantages of NGOs＇ influence on the proceedings of international negotiations, our national policy development, the improvement of industrial practices and public perceptions.

关键词： non-government organization black carbon Arctic governance involvement

Impacts on surface ozone by black carbon and boundary layer interaction in Nanjing,China

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Impacts on surface ozone by black carbon and boundary layer ...