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Soil Organic carbon, black carbon, and Enzyme Activity Under Long-Term Fertilization

Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第3期13卷 517-524页

作者： SHAO Xing-hua ZHENG Jian-wei Department of Life Science Shangrao Normal University

The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon （SOC）, black carbon （BC）, enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK （two-fold NPK）, NPK＋manure （NPKM）, and CK （no fertilization）, N, 90 kg urea-N ha^-1 yr^-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P205 ha^-1 yr^-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K20 ha^-1 yr^-1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios （BC/SOC） ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.

关键词： organic carbon black carbon enzyme activity fertilization

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Real-Time black carbon Emissions from Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles Using a Portable Emissions Measurement System

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Engineering 2022年第9期16卷 73-81页

作者： Xuan Zheng Liqiang He Xiaoyi He Shaojun Zhang Yihuan Cao Jiming Hao Ye Wu College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Center for Sustainable Systems School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109-1041USA State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China

black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion ***-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic ***,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly *** developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use *** demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 ***^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 ***^(-1))by a factor of *** BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC ***,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

关键词： black carbon Light-duty gasoline vehicles Portable emissions measurement system Real-time emissions

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Source identification and global implications of black carbon

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第1期13卷 404-416页

作者： Erika P.Blanco-Donado Ismael L.Schneider Paulo Artaxo Jesus Lozano-Osorio Luana Portz Marcos L.S.Oliveira Department of Civil and Environmental Universidad de la CostaCUCBarranquilla080002Colombia Department of Applied Physics Institute of PhysicsUniversity of São PauloSP 05508-220Brazil Universidad de Lima Avenida Javier Prado Este 4600Santiago de Surco 1503Peru

black carbon(BC)is one of the short-lived air pollutants that contributes significantly to aerosol radiative forcing and global climate *** is emitted by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,biofuels,and *** environments are quite complex and thus,the use of mobile jointly with fixed monitoring provides a better understanding of the dynamics of BC distribution in such *** present study addresses the measurement of BC concentration using real-time mobile and ambient monitoring in Barranquilla,an industrialized urban area of the Colombian Caribbean.A microaethalometer(MA200)and an aethalometer(AE33)were used for measuring the BC *** absorption Ångström exponent(AAE)values were determined for the study area,for identifying the BC emission *** results of the ambient sampling show that vehicle traffic emissions prevail;however,the influence of biomass burning was also *** mean ambient BC concentration was found to be 1.04±1.03μg/m^(3) and varied between 0.5 and 4.0μg/m^(3).From the mobile measurements obtained in real traffic conditions on the road,a much higher average value of 16.1±16.5μg/m^(3) was *** parts of the city showed BC concentrations higher than 20μg/m^(3).The spatial distribution of BC concentration shows that vehicle emissions and traffic jams,a consequence of road and transport infrastructure,are the factors that most affect the BC concentration.A comparison of results obtained from two aethalometers indicates that the concentrations measured by MA200 are 9%lower than those measured by *** AAE obtained was found to vary between 1.1 and 1.6,indicating vehicular emissions as the most crucial *** addition,it was observed that the BC concentration on working days was 2.5 times higher than on the weekends in the case of mobile monitoring and 1.5 times higher in the case of ambient monitoring.

关键词： Air pollution black carbon Spatial distribution Source apportionment AbsorptionÅngström exponent

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Century-scale high-resolution black carbon records in sediment cores from the South Yellow Sea, China

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2018年第1期36卷 114-127页

作者：徐小明洪跃辉周芊至刘金钟袁丽蓉王江海 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering / South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center School of Marine Sciences Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

black carbon(BC)has received increasing attention in the last 20 years because it is not only an absorbent of toxic pollutants but also a greenhouse substance,preserving fire-history records,and more importantly,acting as an indicator of biogeochemical cycles and global *** adopting an improved chemothermal oxidation method(WXY),this study reconstructed the century-scale high-resolution records of BC deposition from two fine-grained sediment cores collected from the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in the South Yellow *** BC records were divided into five stages,which exhibited specific sequences with three BC peaks at approximately 1891,1921,and 2007 AD,representing times at which the first heavy storms appeared just after the termination of long-term *** significant correlation between the times of the BC peaks in the cores and heavy storms in the area of the Huanghe(Yellow)River demonstrated that BC peaks could result from markedly strengthened sedimentation due to surface runof f,which augmented the atmospheric *** carbon isotope analysis indicated that the evident increase in carbon isotope ratios of BC in Stage 5 might have resulted from the input of weathered rock-derived graphitic carbon cardinally induced by the annual anthropogenic modulation of water-borne sediment in the Huanghe River since 2005 *** calculations demonstrated that the input fraction of graphitic carbon was 22.97% for Stage 5,whereas no graphitic carbon entered during Stages 1 and *** obtained data provide new and important understanding of the source-sink history of BC in the Yellow Sea.

关键词： black carbon sediment stable carbon isotope total organic carbon Yellow Sea

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Regional Warming by black carbon and Tropospheric Ozone:A Review of Progresses and Research Challenges in China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2015年第4期29卷 525-545页

作者：廖宏尚晶晶 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Climate Change Research Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

black carbon （BC） aerosol and tropospheric ozone （O3） are major air pollutants with short lifetimes of days to weeks in the atmosphere. These short-lived species have also made significant contributions to global warming since the preindustrial times （IPCC, 2013）. Reductions in short-lived BC and tropospheric O3 have been proposed as a complementary strategy to reductions in greenhouse gases. With the rapid economic development, concentrations of BC and tropospheric O3 are relatively high in China, and therefore quantifying their roles in regional climate change is especially important. This review summarizes the existing knowledge with regard to impacts of BC and tropospheric O3 on climate change in China and defines critical gaps needed to assess the climate benefits of emission control measures. Measured concentrations of BC and tropospheric O3, optical properties of BC, as well as the model estimates of radiative forcing by BC and tropospheric O3 are summarized. We also review regional and global modeling studies that have investigated climate change driven by BC and tropospheric O3 in China; predicted sign and magnitude of the responses in temperature and precipitation to SC/O3 forcing are presented. Based on the review of previous studies, research challenges pertaining to reductions in short-lived species to mitigate global warming are highlighted.

关键词： black carbon tropospheric ozone radiative forcing regional warming

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Analysis of the Effect of Optical Properties of black carbon on Ozone in an Urban Environment at the Yangtze River Delta,China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第7期38卷 1153-1164页

作者： Junlin AN Huan LV Min XUE Zefeng ZHANG Bo HU Junxiu WANG Bin ZHU Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029China Inner Mongolia Meteorological Bureau Hohhot 010051China

black carbon(BC)reduces the photolysis coefficient by absorbing solar radiation,thereby affecting the concentration of ozone(O_(3))near the *** influence of BC on O_(3)has thus received much *** this study,Mie scattering and the tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible radiation model are used to analyze the effect of BC optical properties on *** with data of O_(3)precursors in Nanjing in 2014,an EKMA curve is drawn,and the variations in O_(3)concentration are further investigated using a zero-dimensional box mechanism model(NCAR MM).When O_(3)precursors are unchanged,radiation and O_(3)show a highly similar tendency in response to changing BC optical properties(R=0.997).With the increase of modal radius,the attenuation of fresh BC to radiation and O_(3)first trends upward before *** the mixing process,the attenuation of BC to radiation and O_(3)presents an upward tendency with the increase of relative humidity but decreases rapidly before increasing slowly with increasing thickness of *** addition,mass concentration is another major *** the BC to PM_(2.5)ratio increases to 5%in Nanjing,the radiation decreases by approximately 0.13%-3.71%while O_(3)decreases by approximately 8.13%-13.11%.The radiative effect of BC not only reduces O_(3)concentration but also changes the EKMA *** with the NO_(x)control area,radiation has a significant influence on the VOCs control *** aerosol optical depth(AOD)increases by 17.15%,the NO_(x)to VOCs ratio decreases by 8.27%,and part of the original NO_(x)control area is transferred to the VOCs control area.

关键词： black carbon ozone radiation optical properties EKMA curve

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Temporal Variation and Source Identification of black carbon at Lin'an and Longfengshan Regional Background Stations in China

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第6期31卷 1070-1084页

作者： Siyang CHENG Yaqiang WANG Xingqin AN State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather/Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081

black carbon （BC） is a component of fine particulate matter （PM2.5）, associated with climate, weather, air quality, and people＇s health. However, studies on temporal variation of atmospheric BC concentration at background stations in China and its source area identification are lacking. In this paper, we use 2-yr BC observations from two background stations, Lin＇an （LAN） and Longfengshan （LFS）, to perform the investigation. The results show that the mean diurnal variation of BC has two significant peaks at LAN while different characteristics are found in the BC vari- ation at LFS, which are probably caused by the difference in emission source contributions. Seasonal variation of monthly BC shows double peaks at LAN but a single peak at LFS. The annual mean concentrations of BC at LAN and LFS decrease by 1.63 and 0.26 μg m 3 from 2009 to 2010, respectively. The annual background concentration of BC at LAN is twice higher than that at LFS. The major source of the LAN BC is industrial emission while the source of the LFS BC is residential emission. Based on transport climatology on a 7-day timescale, LAN and LFS stations are sensitive to surface emissions respectively in belt or approximately circular area, which are dominated by summer monsoon or colder land air flows in Northwest China. In addition, we statistically analyze the BC source regions by using BC observation and FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model （FLEXPART） simulation. In summer, the source regions of BC are distributed in the northwest and south of LAN and the southwest of LFS. Low BC concentration is closely related to air mass from the sea. In winter, the source regions of BC are concentrated in the west and south of LAN and the northeast of the threshold area of stot at LFS. The cold air mass in the northwest plays an important role in the purification of atmospheric BC. On a yearly scale, sources of BC are approximately from five provinces in the northwest/southeast of LAN and the west of LFS. These f

关键词： black carbon temporal variation source region atmospheric background station

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A shallow ice core from East Greenland showing a reduction in black carbon during 1990-2016

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2020年第4期11卷 360-369页

作者： DU Zhi-Heng XIAO Cun-De DOU Ting-Feng LI Chuan-Jin DING Ming-Hu Sangeeta SHARMA MA Xiang-Yu WANG Shi-Meng ZHANG Wang-Bing State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou730000China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Guangzhou511458China State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China University of Chinese Academy of Science Beijing100049China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing100081China Climate Research Division Environment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoM3H 5T4Canada School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing UniversityNanjing210023China

This study reports on the measurements of ion and refractory black carbon(rBC)concentrations in a shallow(10.96 m)ice core sample which was drilled from the field site of the East Greenland Ice Core Project(EGRIP)in July,*** results provide a recent record of rBC deposition in the East Greenland ice sheet from 1990 to *** annual variability in oxygen(δ^(18)O)and hydrogen(δD)isotopic compositions indicated that notably warm events occurred since *** in rBC occurred during summer seasons,which may be attributed to the burning of biomass in boreal *** rBC record and analysis of historical air trajectories using the HYSPLIT model indicated that anthropogenic BC emissions from Russia,North America and Europe contributed to the majority of rBC deposition in the Greenland region,and a reduction in anthropogenic BC consumption in these areas played a dominant role in the decrease in BC concentrations since *** record also suggests that the emissions from the East Asian region(China)contributed very little to the recorded BC concentrations in East Greenland ice *** model results indicated that radiative forcing due to BC had decreased significantly since 1990,and had remained below 0.02W m^(-2) since 2000.

关键词： East Greenland Ice core black carbon Seasonal variability Potential emission sources

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Influences of black carbon Addition on Mechanical Performance of Low-carbon MgO-C Composite

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2010年第12期17卷 75-78页

作者： LI Lin TANG Guang-sheng HE Zhi-yong LIU Kai-qi PENG Xiao-yan China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group Beijing 100081 China

carbon black-phenolic resin composite binders with various amounts of nanoscale carbon black were pre pared through adding KH 550 coupling agent and high-speed mixer. The effects of nanoscale carbon black amount added on viscosity of the composite binders were studied. Low-carbon MgO-C specimens were fabricated with these composite binders. Effects of nanoscale carbon black contents （0, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of phenolic resin in mass percent） on mechanical properties of low-carbon MgO-C specimens were investigated. The results revealed that the viscosity of the composite binder increased rapidly with increase of nanoscale carbon black content, and that CMOR, HMOR （high modulus of rupture） and CCS （cold crushing strength） of the specimens increased gradually with increase of nanoscale carbon black content as well.

关键词： black carbon low-carbon MgO-C mechanical property

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An Overview of the Studies on black carbon and Mineral Dust Deposition in Snow and Ice Cores in East Asia

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2014年第3期28卷 354-370页

作者：王鑫徐柏青明镜 Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education College of Atmospheric SciencesLanzhou University Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration

black carbon （BC） is the most eff ective insoluble light-absorbing particulate （ILAP）, which can strongly absorb solar radiation at visible wavelengths. Once BC is deposited in snow via dry or wet process, even a small amount of BC could signifi cantly decrease snow albedo, enhance absorption of solar radiation, accelerate snow melting, and cause climate feedback. BC is considered the second most important component next to CO2 in terms of global warming. Similarly, mineral dust （MD） is another type of ILAP. So far, little attention has been paid to quantitative measurements of BC and MD deposition on snow surface in the midlatitudes of East Asia, especially over northern China. In this paper, we focus on reviewing several experiments performed for collecting and measuring scavenging BC and MD in the high Asian glaciers over the mountain range （such as the Himalayas） and in seasonal snow over northern China. Results from the surveyed literature indicate that the absorption of ILAP in seasonal snow is dominated by MD in the Qilian Mountains and by local soil dust in the Inner Mongolian region close to dust sources. The detection of BC in snow and ice cores using modern techniques has a large bias and uncertainty when the snow sample is mixed with MD. Evidence also indicates that the reduction of snow albedo by BC and MD perturbations can signifi cantly increase the net surface solar radiation, cause surface air temperature to rise, reduce snow accumulation, and accelerate snow melting.

关键词： black carbon mineral dust ice core seasonal snow radiative forcing Tibetan Plateau

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