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Effect of crevice density on biological soil crust development on rock cut slope in mountainous regions, Sichuan, China

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Ecological Processes 2023年第1期12卷 48-65页

作者： Maoqiang Zhao Wanqiu Pu Jie Du Wenhu Liu Qian Zhang Yanmei Liu Li Xiao Yingwei Ai Chengmin Huang Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Sichuan University Sichuan Institute of Geological Engineering Investigation Group Co. Ltd. Jiuzhaigou Administration Bureau School of Life Science Sichuan University

Background The rock cut slope（RCS） could cause damage to regional ecological functions and landscapes and requires recovery. biological soil crusts（BSCs） are pioneer and dominant colonizers during the initial recovery stage. To accelerate the natural recovery of RCS, the development process and influencing agents of BSC should be ***, the area index of crevices（IR）, BSC coverage（COV） and biomass（BM）, soil weight（SW）, and major soil nutrients [organic carbon（OC）, total nitrogen（TN） and total phosphorus（TP）] content, collected from 164 quadrats on 13 RCSs in the mountainous area of west Sichuan Province, China, were measured, to explore the effect of crevice of RCS on BSC *** soil OC, TN and TP on RCSs ranged from 18.61 to 123.03 g kg-1, 0.96 to 6.02 g kg-1and 0.52 to 2.46 g kg-1,respectively, and were approximately to or higher than those on natural slopes. The OC, TN and TP contents in soils elevated unsystematically with recovery time of RCSs. BSCs on RCS distributed along crevices generally and *** the first 13 years of natural recovery, COV, BM and SW ranged from 6.5 to 28.2%, 14.43 to 67.25 g m-2, and 127.69 to 1277.74 g m-2, respectively. COV, BM and SW increased linearly with IRon RCSs. The positive correlation between COV and BM and IR was insignificantly impacted by bedrock, slope aspect and altitude within the recovery time less than 13 years. COV and BM on RCSs increased significantly when the recovery time is more than 27 *** Crevice on RCSs could be a major environmental factor which is conducive to BSC development and soil accumulation through creating a space for water and soil particle. Furthermore, with the increase of recovery time of RCSs, BSCs may grow and reach a stable state with the promotion of soil nutrients, plant growth and microbial activity. These results provide a development process of BSC that from inside to outside the crevices on RCSs. In the areas with stable rock strata and a low r

关键词： Rock cut slope Crevice density Natural recovery biological soil crust soil organic carbon soil total nitrogen soil total phosphorus

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biological soil crust distribution in Artemisia ordosica communities along a grazing pressure gradient in Mu Us Sandy Land, Northern China

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第2期5卷 172-179页

作者： JunHong ZHANG Bo WU YongHua LI WenBin YANG YaKai LEI HaiYan HAN Ji HE Institute of Desertification Studies Chinese Academy of Forestry College of Forestry Henan Agricultural University

This study investigated the distribution pattern of biological soil crust （BSC） in Artemisia ordosica communities in Mu Us Sandy Land. Three experimental sites were selected according to grazing pressure gradient. In each experimental site, the total vegetation cover, A. ordosica cover, BSC cover, litter-fall cover, BSC degree of fragmentation, BSC thickness and soil properties were investigated in both fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes and simultaneously analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed that at the same grazing pressure, BSC cover and composition were significantly affected by the fixation degree of sand dunes. In addition, BSC cover in the fixed sand dunes was 83.74% on average, whereas it is proportionally dominated by 28% mosses, 21% lichens, and 51% algae. Meanwhile, BSC cover in the semi-fixed sand dunes was 23.54% on average, which is proportionally domi- nated by 6.3% mosses, 2.5% lichens, and 91.2% algae. Fine sand, organic matter, and total nitrogen （N） contents in the fixed sand dunes were all significantly higher than those in the semi-fixed sand dunes. Litter-fall cover de- creased along the grazing pressure gradient, whereas BSC fragmentation degree increased. Fine sand content decreased along with the increase of grazing pressure, whereas medium sand content increased in both fixed and semi-fixed dunes. The organic matter and total N contents in the no grazing site were significantly higher than those in light and normal grazing sites. However, there were no significant differences between the light and normal grazing sites. In addition, there were also no significant differences in BSC thickness between the light and normal grazing sites in the fixed sand dunes. However, a significant decrease was observed in both BSC cover and thick- ness in the normal grazing site. The BSC in the semi-fixed dunes was more sensitive to disturbance.

关键词： Artemisia ordosica community biological soil crust grazing pressure soil properties Mu Us Sandy Land

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Long-term changes in biological soil crust cover and composition

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 54-63页

作者： Eva Dettweiler-Robinson Jeanne M Ponzetti Jonathan D Bakker Department of Biology University of New MexicoMSC0320201 University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM 98131U.S.A. 2914 Central St.SE OlympiaWA 98501U.S.A. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of WashingtonBox 354115SeattleWA98195-4115U.S.A.

Introduction:Communities change over time due to disturbances,variations in climate,and species *** soil crust communities are important because they contribute to erosion control and nutrient *** types may respond differently to changes in environmental conditions:single-celled organisms and bryophytes quickly recover after a disturbance,while lichens are slow growing and dominate favorable *** change in crusts has seldom been assessed using repeated *** this study,we hypothesized that changes in crust composition were related to disturbance,topographic position,and invasive ***:We monitored permanent plots in the Columbia Basin in 1999 and 2010 and compared changes in crust composition,cover,richness,and turnover with predictor variables of herbivore exclosure,elevation,heat load index,time since fire,presence of an invasive grass,and change in cover of the invasive ***:Bryophytes were cosmopolitan with high *** lichens did not change *** taxa differed by monitoring *** and total crust cover declined,and there was lower turnover outside of herbivore *** cover did not change *** that burned recently had high *** in taxon richness was correlated with presence of an invasive grass in *** in cover of the invasive grass was positively related to proportional loss and negatively related to ***:Composition and turnover metrics differed significantly over 11 years,though cover was more stable between *** study can be a baseline for assessing change in crust composition due to anthropogenic influences.

关键词： biological soil crust Columbia basin Composition change Taxa turnover rate Fire Bromus tectorum Livestock exclosure

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Weathering of Carbonate Rocks by biological soil crusts in Karst Areas

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第4期25卷 662-667页

作者： Ye Chen Bin Lian Zuoying Yin Yuan Tang Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geological Hazard Prevention School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringGuizhou University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Microbiology College of Life Science Nanjing Normal University Puding Karst Ecosystem Research Station State Key Laboratory of Environmental GeochemistryInstitute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of Sciences

The weathering of carbonate rocks by biological soil crusts （BSC） in karst areas is very common. It is helpful to understand the weathering mechanisms and processes for avoiding karst rock-desertification. The weathering of carbonate rocks by BSC in karst areas, namely the expansion, contraction and curl resulting from environmental wetting-drying cycles, was investigated and ana- lyzed in this paper. The bulk density, area and thickness of BSC were determined and the weathering amount of limestone and dolomite per unit area of BSC was calculated as 3 700 and 3 400 g·m-2; the amount of biomass on the surface of limestone and dolomite was calculated as 1 146 and 1 301 g·m-2, respectively. Such an increased weathering amount was not only the result of chemical and physical weathering of BSC on carbonate rocks, but also the attachment and cementation of BSC to clay particles, dust-fall, sand particles, solid particles brought by strong air currents, wind and other factors in the surrounding environment, which may also be related to the special environment and the special time period. Based on the results obtained, a weathering mode of BSC is studied, and the mechanisms of weathering by BSC are discussed. In conclusion, we suggest that the mechanical force exerted by the expansion and constriction of gelatinous and mucilaginous substances through wetting and drying of BSC play a significant role in the physical weathering process of the carbonate substrates.

关键词： biological soil crust dolomite limestone weathering amount biomass.

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Precipitation and soil particle size co-determine spatial distribution of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2018年第5期10卷 701-711页

作者： WU Lin ZHANG Yuanming Hubei University for Nationalities Enshi 445000 China Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China

biological soil crusts （BSCs） are bio-sedimentary associations that play crucial ecological roles in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of China, more than 27% of the land surface is characterized by a predominant cover of lichen-dominated BSCs that contribute to the stability of the desert. However, little is known about the major factors that limit the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale. In this study, the cover of BSCs was investigated along a precipitation gradient from the margins to the center of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Environmental variables including precipitation, soil particle size, soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, total salt, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were analyzed at a macro scale to determine their association with differing assemblages of BSCs （cyanobacteria crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts） using constrained linear ordination redundancy analysis （RDA）. A model of BSCs distribution correlated with environmental variables that dominated the first two axes of the RDA was constructed to clearly demonstrate the succession stages of BSCs. The study determined that soil particle size （represented by coarse sand content） and precipitation are the most significant drivers influencing the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The cover of lichen and moss crusts increased with increasing precipitation, while the cover of cyanobacteria crusts decreased with increasing precipitation. The cover of lichen and moss crusts was negatively associated with coarse sand content, whereas the cover of cyanobacteria crusts was positively correlated with coarse sand content. These findings highlight the need for both the availability of soil moisture and a relatively stable of soil matrix, not only for the growth of BSCs but more importantly, for the regeneration and rehabilitation of disturbed BSC communities in arid and semi-arid lands. Thereby, this

关键词： biological soil crust distribution macro scale redundancy analysis (RDA) disturbance temperate desert

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Ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria are structured by geography in biological soil crusts across North American arid lands

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Ecological Processes 2013年第1期2卷 98-107页

作者： Yevgeniy Marusenko Scott T Bates Ian Anderson Shannon L Johnson Tanya Soule Ferran Garcia-Pichel School of Life Sciences Arizona State UniversityP.O.Box 874501TempeAZ 85287-4501USA Cooperative Institute for Researchin Environmental Sciences University of ColoradoBoulderCO80309USA Bioscience Division B-11Los Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA Department of Biology Indiana University-Purdue UniversityFort WayneINUSA

Introduction:biological soil crusts(BSCs)can dominate surface cover in dry lands worldwide,playing an integral role in arid land biogeochemistry,particularly in N fertilization through fixation and *** is a characteristic and universal N transformation in BSCs that becomes important for the export of N beyond the microscopic bounds of the crust *** contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)in BSCs has been shown,but the role and extent of the recently discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)have ***:We sampled various types of crusts in four desert regions across the western United States and characterized the composition and size of ammonia-oxidizing communities using clone libraries and quantitative PCR targeting the amoA gene,which codes for the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme,universally present in ammonia-oxidizing ***:All archaeal amoA sequences retrieved from BSCs belonged to the Thaumarchaeota(Nitrososphaera associated Group I.1b).Sequences from the Sonoran Desert,Colorado Plateau,and Great Basin were indistinguishable from each other but distinct from those of the Chihuahuan *** on amoA gene abundances,archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers were ubiquitous in our survey,but the ratios of archaeal to bacterial ammonia oxidizers shifted from bacterially dominated in northern,cooler deserts to archaeally dominated in southern,warmer ***:Archaea are shown to be potentially important biogeochemical agents of biological soil crust N *** associated with different types of BSCs and biogeographical factors reveal a niche differentiation between AOA and AOB,possibly driven by temperature.

关键词： biological soil crust Desert Arid amoA Ammonia oxidation Nitrification Nitrogen cycle Thaumarchaeota

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Reduction of the wind erosion potential in dried-up lakebeds using artificial biocrusts

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2022年第4期16卷 865-875页

作者： Hossein KHEIRFAM Maryam ROOHI Department of Range and Watershed Management Faculty of Natural ResourcesUrmia UniversityUrmia ***Iran Department of Environmental Sciences Urmia Lake Research InstituteUrmia UniversityUrmia ***Iran Microbiology Laboratory Expert Artemia&Aquaculture Research InstituteUrmia UniversityUrmia ***Iran

The artificial creation of biocrusts can be a rapid and pervasive solution to reduce wind erosion potential(WEP)in dried-up lakes(e.g.,Lake Urmia).So,in this study,we created a biocrust by the inoculation of bacteria and cyanobacteria on trays filled by soils collected from the dried-up bed of Lake Urmia,Iran,to reduce WEP in laboratory *** used the wind erodible fraction of soil(EF)and soil crust factor(SCF)equations to calculate the WEP of the treated *** and SCF were decreased(pcrusts created by soil inoculation,especially with the co-using of bacteria and cyanobacteria,significantly reduced the WEP of a newly dried-up ***,we found that inoculation decreased the WEP of the study soil by increasing the soil organic matter content from 3.7 to 5 *** to scanning electron microscopy images,the inoculated microorganisms,especially cyanobacteria,improved soil aggregation by their exopolysaccharides and filaments;thus,they can be used with other factors to estimate the soil erodibility in well-developed *** inoculation technique could be considered as a rapid strategy in stabilizing lakebeds against wind ***,it should be confirmed after additional experiments using wind tunnels under natural conditions.

关键词： biological soil crust dried-up lakes dust storms flowing-sands soil cyanobacteria

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Ability of soil bacterial composition as an indicator of levels of soil erosion in a badland

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第4期37卷 493-504页

作者： Gaetano Guida Vincenzo Palmeri Luca Settanni Raimondo Gaglio Marco Tolone Vito Ferro Department of Agricultural Food and Forest SciencesUniversity of Palermo

Calanchi(plural of calanco) are typical Italian badlands created by a combination of morphogenetic processes(rill and interrill erosion, gullying, piping, and mass movements) mainly originated by the effect of water. Calanchi are characterized by the sparse and patchy distribution of vegetation, and, in interplant areas, the soil surface is colonized by an association of organisms known as biological soil crust(BSC). A morphometric analysis of 45 basins in the studied calanchi area, based on a high-resolution digital elevation model, showed those basins are sediment removal systems characterized by rapid and relevant erosion processes. The goal of the current research is to evaluate the bacterial composition of BSC and to recognize its signature of land degradation processes in soil samples by a microbiological analysis(culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches). soil bacterial distribution was investigated by a culture-independent approach, applying Illumina technology in soils with different vegetation cover. Four species were detected in site A(bare soil). In sites B(sparse vegetation) and C(densely vegetated soil) 19 and 18 bacterial taxa were detected, respectively. Sites B and C were characterized by 17 species in common. The microbial communities detected at sites B and C are typical of environments unable to support vegetation and microorganisms that are not specialized to live in these environments. Biodiversity analysis of the bacterial communities of biocrusts, done using richness and evenness indices, confirmed that the composition of the BSC communities can be a signature of the intensity of soil erosion processes.

关键词： Calanchi biological soil crust soil bacteria Vegetation cover Water erosion

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Chlorophytes of biological soil crusts in Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China

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Frontiers in Biology 2008年第1期3卷 40-44页

作者： Jiancheng ZHAO Bingchang ZHANG Yuanming ZHANG College of Life Science Hebei Normal UniversityShijiazhuang 050016China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of SciencesUrumuqi 830011China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

In this paper,chlorophytes collected from 253 biological soil crust samples in Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China were studied by field investigation and microscopical observation in *** flora composition,ecological distribution of chlorophytes in the desert and dynamic changes of species composition of chlorophytes in different developing stages of biological soil crusts are preliminarily *** showed that there were 26 species belonging to 14 genera and 10 families,in which unicellular chlorophytes were *** existed some differences in distribution of varied sand dune *** taxa of chlorophytes in leeward of sand dunes are most abundant,but the taxa in windward,interdune and the top of sand dunes reduced *** were mainly distributed within the crust and the taxa of chlorophytes decrease obviously under the *** the devel-oping stages of the biological soil crust,species diversity of chlorophytes changed a little,but species composition pre-sented some *** humicola,Chlorella vulgaris,Chlamydomonas ovalis and Chlamydomonas *** existed in all developing stages of biological *** several former stages of the biological soil crust there were spherical chlorophytes and filamentous *** moss crust formed,filamentous chlorophytes disappeared,such as Microspora and Ulothrix.

关键词： Gurbantunggut Desert Xinjiang biological soil crust chlorophytes

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The effects of extreme rainfall events on carbon release from biological soil crusts covered soil in fixed sand dunes in the Tengger Desert, northern China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2013年第2期5卷 191-196页

作者： Yang Zhao XinRong Li ZhiShan Zhang RongLiang Jia YiGang Hu Peng Zhang Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

In May to August of 2011, we assessed the effects of extreme rainfall （quantity and intensity） events on the carbon release from soils covered by different types of biological soil crusts （BSCs） in fixed sand dunes in the Tengger Desert, northern China. A Li-6400-09 soil Chamber was used to measure the respiration rates of the BSCs immediately after the rainfall stopped, and continued until the respiration rates of the BSCs returned to the pre-rainfall basal rate. Our results showed that almost immediately after extreme rainfall events the respiration rates of algae crust and mixed crust were significantly inhibited, but moss crust was not significantly affected. The respiration rates of algae crust, mixed crust, and moss crust in extreme rainfall quantity and intensity events were, respectively, 0.12 and 0.41 μmolCO2/（m2.s）, 0.10 and 0.45 gmolCO2/（m2·s）, 0.83 and 1.69 gmolCO2/（m2.s）. Our study indicated that moss crust in the advanced succession stage can well adaot to extreme rainfall events in the short term.

关键词： carbon release extreme rainfall events biological soil crust

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