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Pathogenicity of bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila isolated from entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema carpocapsae) and its secretion against Galleria mellonella larvae

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2005年第6期6卷 457-463页

作者： MAHAR Ali Nawaz MUNIR Muhammad ELAWAD Sami GOWEN Simon Richard HAGUE Nigel Graham Meckenzi Department of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UKSchool of Plant Sciences University of Reading Reading RG6 6AS UKDepartment of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UKDepartment of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UKDepartment of Agriculture University of Reading Reading RG6 6AT UK

The entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila was isolated from the hemolymph of Galleria mel- lonella infected with Steinernema carpocapsae. The bacterial cells and its metabolic secretions have been found lethal to the Galleria larvae. Toxic secretion in broth caused 95% mortality within 4 d of application whereas the bacterial cells caused 93% mortality after 6 d. When filter and sand substrates were compared, the later one was observed as appropriate. Similarly, bacterial cells and secretion in broth were more effective at 14% moisture and 25 °C temperature treatments. Maximum insect mortality (100%) was observed when bacterial concentration of 4×106 cells/ml was used. Similarly, maximum bacterial cells in broth (95%) were penetrated into the insect body within 2 h of their application. However, when stored bacterial toxic secretion was applied to the insects its efficacy declined. On the other hand, when the same toxic secretion was dried and then dissolved either in broth or water was proved to be effective. The present study showed that the bacterium, X. nematophila or its toxic secretion can be used as an important component of integrated pest management against Galleria.

关键词： biological control Bacterial symbionts Entomopathogenic nematodes Xenorhabdus nematophila Galleria mellonella

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Application of DNA barcoding to the identification of Hymenoptera parasitoids from the soybean aphid （Aphis glycines） in China

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Insect Science 2014年第3期21卷 363-373页

作者： Qing-Song Zhou Yu-Qiang Xi Fang Yu Xu Zhang Xue-Jun Li Chun-Lai Liu Ze-Qing Niu Chao-Dong Zhu Ge-Xia Qiao Yan-Zhou Zhang Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing School of Life Science Anhui University Hefei College of Chemistry and Life Sciences Shenyang Normal University Shenyang plant Protection Institute Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin China

Aphis glycines Matsumura is an important pest of soybean in Asia and North America. Hymenoptera parasitoids play a key role in the control of the soybean aphid. Thecorrect identification of parasitoids is a critical step that precedes the assessment of their potential biological control agents. Accurate identification of the majority of the speciesattacking the soybean aphid often requires elaborate specimen preparation and expert taxonomic knowledge. In this study, we facilitated the identification of soybean aphidparasitoids by applying a DNA barcoding approach following a preliminary morphological identification. We generated DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial COI gene andthe D2 region of 28S rDNA to assess the genetic variation within and between parasitoid species emerging from the soybean aphid in China. Fifteen Hymenoptera parasitoid speciesbelonging to 10 genera of five families were identified with little intra-specific variation （0.09% ± 0.06% for 28S and 0.36% ± 0. 18% for COI） and large inter-specific divergence（30.46% ± 3.42% for 28S and 20.4% ± 1.20% for COI）.

关键词： biological control COl 28S-D2 molecular identification species delimitation

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Fitness of Encarsia sophia （Hymenoptera： Aphelinidae） parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae）

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Insect Science 2011年第1期18卷 84-91页

作者： Chen Luo Tong-Xian Liu Institute of Plant and Environment Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Entomology Northwest A&F University Yangling Shaanxi Province China

Fitness and efficacy of Encarsia sophia （Girault ＆ Dodd）（Hymenoptera： Aphelinidae） as a biological control agent was compared on two species of whitefly （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） hosts, the relatively smaller sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） biotype ＇B＇, and the larger greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum （Westwood）. Significant differences were observed on green bean （Phaseolus vulgaris L.） in the laboratory at 27 ± 2℃, 55% 4- 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 14 ： 10 h （L ： D）. Adult parasitoids emerging from T. vaporariorum were larger than those emerging from B. tabaci, and almost all biological parameters of E. sophia parasitizing the larger host species were superior except for the developmental times of the parasitoids that were similar when para- sitizing the two host species. Furthermore, parasitoids emerging from T. vaporariorum parasitized more of these hosts than did parasitoids emerging from B. tabaci. We conclude that E. sophia reared from larger hosts had better fitness than from smaller hosts. Those from either host also preferred the larger host for oviposition but were just as effective on smaller hosts. Therefore, larger hosts tended to produce better parasitoids than smaller hosts.

关键词： biological control body size host size oviposition sweetpotato whitefly

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Sequential loss of genetic variation in flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae） following introduction into China

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Insect Science 2013年第5期20卷 655-661页

作者： Rui-Yan Ma Xiao-Yun Jia Wen-Zhong Liu Roger H. Laushman Long-Long Zhao Dong Jia Ren Wang Department of Biosafety College of Animal Science and Technology Shanxi Agricultural University Taigu Shanxi China Department of Biology Oberlin College Oberlin Ohio USA and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science Beijing China

The flea beetle （Agasicles hygrophila） was imported to Florida, USA and then introduced from Florida into China in 1987 as a biological control agent for the invasive plant alligator weed （Alternanthera philoxeroides）. The initial beetle population was subsequently used for sequential introductions in other areas of China, but little is known about the genetic consequences of the introductions. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of five beetle populations, the source Florida population, three intentionally introduced China populations and one accidentally dispersed China population, were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The results showed a clear pattern of decreasing genetic diversity with the sequential introductions. The diversity was highest in the Florida population followed by the first introduction to Chongqing and then in Kunming and Fuzhou. The lowest diversity was found in the accidentally dispersed Guangzhou population that was first recorded in 1996. Both loci parameters and Nei＇s genetic diversity showed a high variation among these populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was further verified by the GST statistic （0.136–0.432）. Beetles in Kunming had the highest gene flow with those in Guangzhou, and therefore lowest differentiation and closest genetic distance. These data show that sequential introduction influenced the genetic diversity of populations in China. Genetic diversity should be considered in planning introduction and long-term maintenance of populations.

关键词： AFLP Agasicles hygrophila biological control genetic diversity introduction

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Development and application of molecular gut-content analysis to detect aphid and coccinellid predation by Harmonia axyridis （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae）in Italy

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Insect Science 2015年第6期22卷 719-730页

作者： Gabriele Rondoni Kacie J. Athey James D. Harwood Eric Contit Carlo Ricci John J. Obrycki Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences University of Perugia Borgo XX Giugno 74 Perugia 06121 Italy and Department of Entomology University of Kentucky S-225 Agricultural Science Center North Lexington KY 40546-0091 USA

Despite their positive effect in reducing pest populations, exotic generalist predators sometimes become invasive and contribute to the displacement of indigenous species in the same trophic level. Although laboratory experiments have linked intraguild predation （IGP） to these interactions, field evidence and quantification of IGP are still lacking for most systems. The recent establishment of the exotic Harmonia axyridis （Pallas）（Coleoptera： Coccinellidae） in Italy raises concern about the detrimental effect that the ladybird could have on native coccinellids. Here we assessed, under laboratory conditions, the acceptability and suitability of eggs of 2 native ladybirds, Adalia bipunctata L. and Oenopia conglobata （L.）, as prey items for H. axyridis larvae. Then we developed primers for molecular gut-content analysis to detect predation by H. axyridis on the 2 ladybirds and on the aphid Eucallipterus tiliae L. Species-specific 16S primers were developed for the 3 species and laboratory feeding trials were conducted to quantify the rate of prey DNA breakdown in the gut of//. axyridis. Moreover, to field evaluate primers, H. axyridis 4th instars （n = 132） were systematically collected from linden trees in northern Italy and screened for the presence of prey DNA. Seventy-three percent and 7% of field collected H. axyridis were positive for aphid and coccinellid DNA, respectively. Predation upon aphid and A. bipunctata was lower than predicted if density dependent consumption was expected, while predation upon O. conglobata was significantly higher. Here, we provided the first evidence of IGP among feral populations ofH. axyridis and indigenous ladybird beetles, occurring in Italy.

关键词： Adalia bipunctata biological control Eucallipterus tiliae intraguild inter-actions nontarget effect Oenopia conglobata

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Quality control of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) over 45 generations of rearing on Sitotroga cerealella

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Insect Science 2021年第1期28卷 180-190页

作者： Ehsan Ghaemmaghami Yaghoub Fathipour Abdoolnabi Bagheri Ali Asghar Talebi Gadi V.P.Reddy Department of Entomology Faculty of AgricultureTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran Plant Protection Research Department Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education CenterAgricultural Research Education and Extension Organization(AREEO)Bandar AbbasIran USDA-ARS-Southern Insect Pest Management Research Unit StonevilleMississippiUSA

Trichogramma brassicae(Bezdenko)is an important biological control agent that has been used widely against many lepidopteran ***,colonies of Trichogramma are mass reared on factitious hosts such as Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier)over many *** this study,we evaluated the quality and performance of a colony of *** that had been reared for over 45 generations(G)using two-sex life table parameters and parasitism *** found that female adult longevity was significantly different among sequential generations,ranging from 5.58±2.5 d(at G5)to 3.75±1.42 d(at G45).However,no significant difference was found in male adult longevity among different *** female wasps survived longer until the 15th gener・ation,they allocated more days for egg laying at G5 and *** highest values of gross reproductive rate(GRR),net reproductive rate(7.),intrinsic rate of increase(r),finite rate of increase(λ)and mean generation time(T)were found in G5 and GIO,which also showed significantly higher *** significant difference in the finite parasitism rate(co)was found among generations up to *** results suggest that *** wasps held under continuous laboratory rearing can be used successfully in biological control programs until the 15th generation without any loss of quality or ***,laboratory mass rearing colonies declined in quality after 15 generations and we suggest that they should be rejuvenated regularly by adding field-collected parasitoids periodically.

关键词： biological control generation-dependent demography mass rearing parasitism rate Trichogramma brassicae

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Impacts of 2 species of predatory Reduviidae on bagworms in oil palm plantations

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Insect Science 2017年第2期24卷 285-294页

作者： Syari Jamian Ahmad Norhisham Amal Ghazali Azlina Zakaria Badrul Azhar Faculty of Agriculture Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff Wales UK Faculty of Forestry Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia Sime Darby Research Sdn. Bhd. Banting Selangor Malaysia Biodiversity Unit Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor Malaysia

Integrated pest management （IPM） is widely practiced in commercial oil palm agriculture. This management system is intended to minimize the number of attacks by pest insects such as bagworms on crops, as well as curb economic loss with less dependency on chemical pesticides. One practice in IPM is the use of biological control agents such as predatory insects. In this study, we assessed the response of predatory natural enemies to pest outbreak and water stress, and document the habitat associations of potential pest predators. The abundances of 2 predatory insect species, namely Sycanus dichotomus and Cosmolestes pictieeps （Hemiptera： Reduviidae）, were compared bagworm outbreak sites and nonoutbreak sites within oil palm plantations. We also examined habitat characteristics that influence the abundances of both predatory species. We found that the abundance of C. picticeps was significantly higher in bagworm outbreak sites than in nonoutbreak sites. There were no significant differences in the abundance ofS. dichotomus among outbreak and non-outbreak sites. Both species responded negatively to water stress in oil palm plantations. Concerning the relationship between predatory insect abundance and in situ habitat quality characteristics, our models explained 46.36% of variation for C. picticeps and 23.17% of variation for S. dichotomus. Both species of predatory insects thrived from the planting of multiple beneficial plants in oil palm plantations. The results suggest that C. picticeps can be used as a biological agent to control bagworm populations in oil palm plantations, but S. dichotomus has no or little potential for such ecosystem service.

关键词： bagworms beneficial plants biological control habitat quality integratedpest management oil palm predatory insects

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The small hive beetle Aethina tumida： A review of its biology and control measures

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 644-653页

作者： Andrew G. S. CUTHBERTSON Maureen E. WAKEFIELD Michelle E. POWELL Gay MARRIS Helen ANDERSON Giles E. BUDGE James J. MATHERS Lisa F.BLACKBURN Mike A. BROWN The Food and Environment Research Agency Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ UK

The small hive beetle Aethina tumida is an endemic parasitic pest and scavenger of colonies of social bees indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. In this region this species rarely inflicts severe damage on strong colonies since the bees have developed strategies to combat them. However, A. tumida has since ＇escaped＇ from its native home and has recently invaded areas such as North America and Australia where its economic impact on the apiculture industry has been significant. Small hive beetle, should it become established within Europe, represents a real and live threat to the UK bee keeping industry. Here we review the biology and current pest status of A. tumida and up to-date research in terms of both chemical and biological control used against this honey bee pest [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 644-653, 2013].

关键词： Aethina tumida Pesticides biological control Population development Honey bees

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Bactericera cockerelli(Sulc), a potential threat to China’s potato industry

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020年第2期19卷 338-349页

作者： Oluwashola OLANIYAN Neus RODRÍGUEZ-GASOL Nathalie CAYLA Eleonor MICHAUD Steve D.WRATTEN Bio-Protection Research Centre Lincoln UniversityLincoln 7647New Zealand Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture(IRTA) Lleida 25003Spain Agrocampus Ouest Institut National Supérieur des Sciences AgronomiquesAgroalimentairesHorticoles et du PaysageRennes Cedex 35000France

The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera:Triozidae)has recently emerged as a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous *** causes direct feeding damage and also vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceaerum(Lso),a pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes and which potentially costs growers millions of dollars each *** producers rely on frequent sprays of pesticides for psyllid control but the results are unsatisfactory and there are negative side *** psyllid has spread beyond its native range in southwest US and northern Mexico to Canada,El Salvador,Honduras,Guatemala and Nicaragua via medium to long range dispersal flights perhaps aided by wind currents,and through anthropogenic *** was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2006 and most recently Australia,most likely through the importation of infested plant *** review summarizes information from studies on the biology,impact and management of ***,and highlights the imminent risk of this insect and its associated pathogen invading China,the world’s largest producer of fresh *** of risk maps leading to increased surveillance,could prevent or delay an incursion and facilitate early detection or eradication should this ***-term management with Lso-tolerant potato cultivars and psyllid control using the parasitic wasp Tamarixia triozae and other natural enemies should be pursued,rather than depending on synthetic pesticides.

关键词： Bactericera cockerelli tomato-potato psyllid invasive pest Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceaerum biological control Tamarixia triozae

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The evolutionary ecology of symbiont-conferred resistance to parasitoids in aphids

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Insect Science 2014年第3期21卷 251-264页

作者： Christoph Vorburger Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zǖrich Universitātstrasse 16 8092 Zǖdch EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Uberlandstrasse 133 8600 Dǖbendoàf Switzerland

Aphids may harbor a wide variety of facultative bacterial endosymbionts. These symbionts are transmitted maternally with high fidelity and they show horizontal trans-mission as well, albeit at rates too low to enable infectious spread. Such symbionts need to provide a net fitness benefit to their hosts to persist and spread. Several symbionts haveachieved this by evolving the ability to protect their hosts against parasitoids. Reviewing empirical work and some models, I explore the evolutionary ecology of symbiont-conferredresistance to parasitoids in order to understand how defensive symbiont frequencies are maintained at the intermediate levels observed in aphid populations. I further show thatdefensive symbionts alter the reciprocal selection between aphids and parasitoids by augmenting the heritable variation for resistance, by increasing the genetic specificity of thehost-parasitoid interaction, and by inducing environment-dependent trade-offs. These effects are conducive to very dynamic, symbiont-mediated coevolution that is driven by frequency-dependent selection. Finally I argue that defensive symbionts represent a problem for biological control of pest aphids, and I propose to mitigate this problem byexploiting the parasitoids＇ demonstrated ability to rapidly evolve counteradaptations to symbiont-conferred resistance.

关键词： aphids biological control coevolution genotype × genotype interaction Hamiltonella defensa parasitoid resistance symbiosis

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