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The ecological validity of traditional standing and novel bicycle balance and agility tests for predicting performance in mountain bikers

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Sports Medicine and Health Science 2022年第4期4卷 287-292页

作者： K.Buchholtz M.Lambert T.L.Burgess Health Physical ActivityLifestyleand Sport(HPALS)Research CentreUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa Department of Physiotherapy LUNEX International University of HealthExercise and SportsLuxembourg Division of Physiotherapy University of Cape TownAnzio RoadObservatoryCape TownSouth Africa Centre for Medical Ethics and Law Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa

Falls are a common mechanism of injury in mountain biking and may be related to a loss of control of the bicycle.Traditionally,the components of bicycle control(balance and agility)are measured in standing and running,which may not reflect the skills required in mountain biking.In this paper,we present the validity of both traditional standing and novel bicycle-specific balance tests in mountain bikers.Twenty-nine male and female participants completed indoor laboratory tests and an outdoor downhill trail.Participants completed single-leg stance balance,Y-balance test,one static and four dynamic bicycle-specific balance tests,a bicycle agility test,and an outdoor downhill trail.Single-leg stance balance and Y-balance tests with eyes open had poor validity when associated with bicycle control.The static(r=-0.57,p=0.001)and four dynamic bicycle balance tests(r=-0.51 to-0.78,p=0.005 to 0.0001),and the bicycle agility test(r=0.87,p<0.0001)had moderate to strong relationships with the outdoor downhill run.Single-leg stance balance and Y-balance tests with eyes open are not valid measures of performance on a mountain bike,and should not be used to assess these populations.Our novel bicycle balance tests have adequate validity to be used as measures of performance in mountain bikers.

关键词： bicycling Control Proprioception

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Fear Factor: Level of Traffic Stress and GPS Assessed Cycling Routes

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Journal of Transportation Technologies 2019年第1期9卷 14-30页

作者： Katie Crist Jasper Schipperijn Sherry Ryan Bruce Appleyard Suneeta Godbole Jacqueline Kerr Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of California San Diego USA Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark School of Public Affairs San Diego State University San Diego USA

Background: Cycling currently comprises only 1% of transport trips in the U.S. despite benefits for air pollution, traffic congestion, and improved public health. Methods: Building upon the Level of Traffic Stress (LTS) methodology, we assessed GPS trip data from utilitarian cyclists to understand route preferences and the level of low stress cycling connection between origins and destinations. GPS data were obtained from adult transport cyclists over multiple days. All bikeable road segments in the network were assigned an LTS score. The shortest paths between each origin and destination along bikeable roadways and along low stress (LTS 1 or 2) routes were calculated. Route trajectories were mapped to the LTS network, and the LTS and distances of observed, the shortest and low stress routes were compared. LTS maps and animations were developed to highlight where low stress connections were lacking. Results: There were 1038 unique cycling trips from 87 participants included in the analysis. An exclusively low stress route did not exist for 51% of trips. Low stress routes that were possible were, on average, 74% longer than the shortest possible path and 56% longer than the observed route. Observed routes were longer and lower stress than the shortest possible route. Conclusions: Results indicate that transport cyclists traveled beyond low stress residential areas and that low stress routes with acceptable detour distances were lacking. Cyclists appeared to weigh both route distance and quality and were willing to trade maximum directness for lower stress. GPS data provide additional information to support planning decisions to increase the impact of infrastructure investments on cycling mode share.

关键词： bicycling Traffic Stress GPS Route Choice LTS

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Development of a Bikeability Index to Assess the Bicycle-Friendliness of Urban Environments

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Open Journal of Civil Engineering 2015年第4期5卷 451-459页

作者： Patricia Jasmin Krenn Pekka Oja Sylvia Titze Institute of Sport Science University of Graz Graz Austria UKK Institute Tampere Finland

Background: Cycling as a means of transport contributes to public health in terms of increasing the physical activity behaviour and reducing air pollution. In comparison to walking, cycling-spe cific environmental characteristics have been less investigated. The aim of this study was to develop, based on geographic information systems (GIS) data, a bikeability index for a mid-sized European city, to examine the predictive validity of the index and to visualize the bicycle-friendliness of the city by creating a bikeability map. Methods: Using GIS data, we assessed the environmental characteristics of 278 bicycle trips in the city of Graz, Austria. Characteristics which differed significantly between the actually taken and shortest possible routes were used to form an additive bikeability index and the bikeability map for 100 m × 100 m cells. The relationship between the cycling behaviour and the bikeability index around the home environment was examined to assess the predictive validity of the index. Results: Three environmental components (cycling infrastructure, bicycle pathways and green areas) were positively related, and two components (main roads, and topography) were negatively related to the actually used route. These components formed the bikeability index, which was positively correlated with cycling behaviour (OR: 1.08, 95% CI 1.01 - 1.17). The final outcome is a high-resolution coloured map indicating the degree of bicycle-friendliness in the city of Graz. Conclusion: Mapping based on the bikeability index helps to visualize the bicycle-friendliness of an urban area. Therefore, it should be a useful tool for the planning as well as for the evaluation of the transport environments in cities.

关键词： bicycling Environment Map GIS Active Mobility

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