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The Intersection of Privacy by Design and behavioral economics: Nudging Users towards Privacy-Friendly Choices

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Journal of Information Security 2024年第4期15卷 557-563页

作者： Vivek Kumar Agarwal Meta Platforms Inc Kent Washington USA

This paper conducts a comprehensive review of existing research on Privacy by Design (PbD) and behavioral economics, explores the intersection of Privacy by Design (PbD) and behavioral economics, and how designers can leverage “nudges” to encourage users towards privacy-friendly choices. We analyze the limitations of rational choice in the context of privacy decision-making and identify key opportunities for integrating behavioral economics into PbD. We propose a user-centered design framework for integrating behavioral economics into PbD, which includes strategies for simplifying complex choices, making privacy visible, providing feedback and control, and testing and iterating. Our analysis highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of user behavior and decision-making in the context of privacy, and demonstrates the potential of behavioral economics to inform the design of more effective PbD solutions.

关键词： Privacy by Design behavioral economics Nudges User-Centric Design Data Protection Cognitive Biases Heuristics

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拉动居民消费的行为经济学分析

理论经济学 2007年第9期 41-45页

作者：宋超英张雪玮

当前，中国消费率处于低水平并且持续走低，这已成为制约中国经济扩大内需、保持可持续高速增长的重要阻碍。本文运用行为经济学中的损失规避和心理账户理论来分析制约居民消费支出的心理因素，并在理论分析的基础上提出拉动居民消费的... 详细信息

当前，中国消费率处于低水平并且持续走低，这已成为制约中国经济扩大内需、保持可持续高速增长的重要阻碍。本文运用行为经济学中的损失规避和心理账户理论来分析制约居民消费支出的心理因素，并在理论分析的基础上提出拉动居民消费的对策。

关键词：行为经济学损失规避消费者预期心理账户 behavioral economics loss aversion consumer expectation mental accounting

Optimal Contract for the Principal-Agent Under Knightian Uncertainty

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Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 2020年第4期8卷 637-654页

作者： Kun-Lun Wang Chen Fei Wei-Yin Fei Department of Financial Engineering Anhui Polytechnic UniversityWuhu 241000AnhuiChina Glorious Sun School of Business and Management Donghua UniversityShanghai 200051China

Under the Knightian uncertainty,this paper constructs the optimal principal(he)-agent(she)contract model based on the principal’s expected profit and the agent’s expected utility function by using the sublinear expectation *** output process in the model is provided by the agent’s continuous efforts and the principal cannot directly observe the agent’s *** the process of work,risk-averse agent will have the opportunity to make external *** order to promote the agent’s continuous efforts,the principal will continuously provide the agents with consumption according to the observable output process after the probation *** this paper,the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation is deduced by using the optimality principle under sublinear expectation while the smoothness viscosity condition of the principal-agent optimal contract is ***,the continuation value of the agent is taken as the state variable to characterize the optimal expected profit of the principal,the agent’s effort and the consumption level under different degrees of Knightian ***,the behavioral economics is used to analyze the simulation *** research findings are that the increasing Knightian uncertainty incurs the decline of the principal’s maximum profit;within the probation period,the increasing Knightian uncertainty leads to the shortening of probation period and makes the agent give higher effort when she faces the outside option;what’s more,after the smooth completion of the probation period for the agent,the agent’s consumption level will rise and her effort level will drop as Knightian uncertainty increasing.

关键词： Knightian uncertainty Principal-agent Sublinear expectation HJB equation behavioral economics

Past Experiences,Personality Traits,and Risk Aversion:Evidence from Individual Risk Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Frontiers of economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2020年第4期15卷 575-625页

作者： Yun Wang Mingyang Yan School of economics Renmin University of ChinaBeijing 100872China The Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in economics Xiamen UniversityXiamen 361005China

Individuals’risk attitudes play an important role in economic decision making and policy evaluation,particularly in the midst of unprecedented uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 *** adopt a multiple-price-list elicitation method with real money incentives to measure precisely individuals’risk attitudes at different stake levels and the extent to which they are affected by personal and social shocks following the COVID-19 outbreak in *** find that subjects who had previously experienced negative personal shocks are more risk-averse at medium and large stakes but more risk loving at very small *** our sample,COVID-19 has no significant impact on risk attitudes,as it is more likely to be regarded as a social *** result indicates that the impact of COVID-19 on individual risk attitudes is not as influential as expected,unless the individual’s personal life is affected directly.

关键词： risk attitude risk instability behavioral economics negative shock COVID-19 pandemic

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行为经济学中的社会公平态度与价值取向研究

理论经济学 2007年第2期 75-81页

作者：董志勇

本文从行为经济学的公平游戏入手，通过在新加坡、中国上海和兰州的实验，研究在不同性别、文化、年龄、职业和教育背景的情况下有关公平心理及其决策结果的问题，探讨不同区域和阶层人们的公平心理，较为深入地分析总结了各种影响经济... 详细信息

本文从行为经济学的公平游戏入手，通过在新加坡、中国上海和兰州的实验，研究在不同性别、文化、年龄、职业和教育背景的情况下有关公平心理及其决策结果的问题，探讨不同区域和阶层人们的公平心理，较为深入地分析总结了各种影响经济生活中对公平问题不同理解和行为差异产生的因素。

关键词：公平心理贫富差距行为经济学最后交易游戏 fairness psychology inequality behavioral economics ultimatum game

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贴现因子、偏好和行为经济学

理论经济学 2004年第11期 3-9页

作者：龚六堂

本文讨论了影响人们跨时选择的重要因素——贴现因子的最新进展以及他们在经济学和金融中的重要应用，给出了目前关于改变贴现因子的模型。

关键词：贴现因子偏好行为经济学 discounting rate preference behavioral economics

The Impact of Behavioural Insights on Effective Prescription of Antibiotics by Doctors: A Case Study from Latifa Hospital for Women and Children, Dubai Health Authority

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Health 2023年第6期15卷 517-524页

作者： Muna A. Tahlak Atif B. Fazari Fareeda Khan Raid Abukaf Lyla G. Zadeh Alawi Alsheikh Abdulaziz Istaitieh Latifa Hospital for Women and Children Dubai Health Authority Dubai UAE Mohamed Bin Rashid University Dubai UAE Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government Dubai UAE

Introduction: Wise prescription of antibiotics is an ethical duty of physicians in view of rising antimicrobial resistance in the community, it should be balanced between the health requirements of the patients and resulting long-term antibiotics resistance. Overuse of antimicrobials is a major cause of emerging resistance to antimicrobials. There are multiple factors in the community that influence the physician’s antibiotic prescriptions. Methods: This is a systematic case-control study on antibiotics prescription for paediatric patients attending Latifa Hospital for Women and Children (LWCH), Dubai Health Authority, to know the effects of behavioral interventions on rates of inappropriate antimicrobials prescription by doctors in the Paediatric Emergency Department. Results: The results of our study showed the effectiveness of behavioral insights by peer comparison in antibiotic use among paediatricians in Latifa Hospital had a statistical significance (P = 0.0038). The rate of the prescription decreased from 41% to 21%, a difference of 20%. Conclusion: The study concluded behavioural intervention is an effective measure in reducing the improper prescription of antibiotics in the hospital setting.

关键词： Behavioural Intervention Antibiotics Prescription behavioral economics Health economics Behavioural Insight

Status Quo Bias-A Research on Its Applications and the Correlating Mechanism

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Psychology Research 2024年第1期14卷 36-43页

作者： LU Shiyi Southern University of Science and Technology ShenzhenChina

After several former studies on the cognitive heuristics and correlating economical influences,the explanatory effectiveness of Status Quo Bias perspective is explained by multiple empirical ***,this essay will focus on three applications in which the Status Quo Bias perspective,correlating models,and research methods would provide insightful *** reviewing the former attempts on the original model and early researchers’empirical examination on the Status Quo Bias,this essay will concentrate on Status Quo Bias and technology resistance among the public sector employees,Status Quo Bias and medical insurance outcomes,Status Quo Bias and shoppers’mobile website purchasing resistance *** each application,research methodology will be explained and be integrated into the Status Quo Bias perspective through the research *** researching on these applications’methodology and main studies,discussing cognitive biases existing in the empirical scenarios,the present study could approach to the efficiency of the explanation from Status Quo Bias perspective.

关键词： literature review Status Quo Bias technology resistance quantitative study behavioral economics

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新常态下中国游客境外高消费成因研究

旅游管理 2019年第5期

作者：张宇周丽罗加蓉

新常态下居民消费行为和结构的变化以及国内供给能力不足对中国游客境外消费产生了深刻的影响。基于行为经济学理论，构建了游客的境外旅游消费决策模型。研究结果表明，在旅游消费心理账户和购物消费心理账户分立的情形下，游客在境外... 详细信息

新常态下居民消费行为和结构的变化以及国内供给能力不足对中国游客境外消费产生了深刻的影响。基于行为经济学理论，构建了游客的境外旅游消费决策模型。研究结果表明，在旅游消费心理账户和购物消费心理账户分立的情形下，游客在境外旅游时的高消费行为特别是购物高消费行为是理性的，它是境内外购物消费市场、旅游消费市场发展差异所导致的，是游客在境外旅游消费、购物消费叠加的结果。为此，应通过改善国内购物市场和旅游市场供给、降低国外品牌产品流通成本形成市场倒逼机制以避免国内旅游消费和购物消费的过度转移。

关键词：境外旅游行为经济新常态 outbound tourism behavioral economics China's new normal