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Journal of Iron and steel Research(International) 2023年第4期30卷 808-824页

作者： Yang Li Chang-yong Chen Qi Wang Hao Yang Shuai Ma Meng Sun Zhou-hua Jiang School of Metallurgy Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819LiaoningChina

The effects of magnesium(Mg)on the microstructure and properties of 440C stainless Bearing steel melted under pressurized conditions were studied.Adding Mg improved the cleanliness of molten steel,modified the inclusions in steel,enhanced the distribution of carbides,and improved the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of experimental steel.In detail,the contents of TO,S,and N in steel decreased from 0.0013 to 0.0003 wt.%,from 0.0032 to 0.0018 wt.%and from 0.0088 to 0.0049 wt.%,respectively.In addition,the transformation order of oxide inclusions in steel is Al_(2)O_(3)→MgO∙Al_(2)O_(3)→MgO,where the content of Mg in steel sharply increased from 0.00 to 29×10^(-4),81×10^(-4),and 160×10^(-4)wt.%,and the transformation order of S-containing inclusions in steel is MnS→Mg–S–Mn(–MgO)→Mg–O–S.Moreover,the number and size of inclusions and the proportion of large-size inclusions in steel decreased rapidly.Furthermore,the network structure of carbides in steel collapsed,the size of carbides was reduced,and the distribution was more uniform.Finally,the tensile strength,impact toughness,and pitting corrosion resistance of the experimental steel were significantly improved.

关键词： Magnesium Bearing steel Inclusion Carbide Corrosion resistance

Comparison on wear resistance of nanostructured bainitic Bearing steel with and without residual cementite

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Journal of Iron and steel Research(International) 2022年第2期29卷 339-349页

作者： Yu-man Qin Chang-bo Liu Chun-sheng Zhang Xu-biao Wang Xiao-yan Long Yan-guo Li Zhi-nan Yang Fu-cheng Zhang State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology Yanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004HebeiChina National Engineering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Rolled Strip Yanshan UniversityQinhuangdao066004HebeiChina

The sliding wear property of high-carbon nanostructured bainitic Bearing steel with the equal initial hardness and different microstructures was investigated,and the reasons for the difference of wear resistance between the cementite-bearing(CB)and cementite-free(CF)specimens were analyzed.The results show that CF specimens have lower mass loss and surface roughness and shallower wear depth than CB specimens during wear process.Compared with CB specimen,CF specimen presents superior wear resistance.This is due to two reasons:(1)a lot of retained austenite in CF specimen is easy to produce TRIP effect and be transformed into martensite during wear process,which notably increased the surface hardness of worn specimen;(2)there is a nondestructive oxide layer in the surface of cementite-free worn specimen,which can protect the surface of worn specimen from destruction.Under the combined effect of retained austenite and oxide layer,the loss of matrix is reduced.Thus,CF specimen exhibits high wear resistance.It reveals that the wear mechanism of high-carbon nanostructured bainitic Bearing steel with different microstructures can provide a reference for improving the wear resistance in high-carbon nanostructured bainitic Bearing steel in future.

关键词： Cementite Nanostructured bainite Bearing steel Microstructure Wear resistance

Effects of pulse magneto-oscillation on GCr15 Bearing steel continuous casting billet

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Journal of Iron and steel Research(International) 2022年第1期29卷 144-150页

作者： Yan-jie Liu Guo-dong Xu Ying-chun Wang Hong-gang Zhong Li-juan Li Biao Wang Qi-jie Zhai Materials Genome Institute Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Center for Advanced Solidification Technology Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Research Institute China Baowu Steel Group CorporationShanghai 200431China steel Plant China Baowu Steel Group CorporationShanghai 200431China

Pulse magneto-oscillation(PMO)added during solidification could affect the solidification structure and macrosegregation.A modified thermal simulation equipment was applied to prepare GCr15 Bearing steel continuous casting billets with different PMO peak currents.Then,metallographic analysis,component analysis and numerical simulation were adopted to study the influence of PMO peak current and its mechanism.The sample with 150 K_(I)A PMO peak current treatment has little difference with the samples without PMO treatment on solidification structure and macrosegregation.As the peak currents are 250 and 350 K_(I)A,the columnar zone increases and macrosegregation aggravated.When 450 K_(I)A peak current is selected,the equiaxed grain ratio is enlarged,and the dendritic grains are refined,and the macrosegregation of C,Cr,Si and Mn is decreased significantly.By analyzing,different convections induced by PMO with various peak currents are the key factor to change the solidification structure and macrosegregation.

关键词： Bearing steel Numerical simulation Thermal simulation Pulse magneto-oscillation

Microstructure and mechanical properties in core of a carburizing 20CrNi2MoV Bearing steel subjected to cryogenic treatment

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Journal of Iron and steel Research(International) 2021年第3期28卷 360-369页

作者： Chang-sheng Li Bin-zhou Li Xin Jin Yu Wang State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819LiaoningChina Ansteel Group Ansteel Beijing Research InstituteBeijing102211China

Microstructure and mechanical properties in core of a carburizing 20CrNi2MoV Bearing steel subjected to cryogenic treatment were investigated.Conventional treatment sample was quenched and tempered at 180℃ for 2 h.Cryogenic treatment samples were quenched,cryogenically treated at−80 and−196℃ for 4 h,slowly returned to room temperature and thereafter tempered at 180℃ for 2 h,and finally tempered at 180℃ for 2 h.The scanning electron microscope,electron backscattering diffraction,X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope were adopted for microstructure characterization.The results show that cryogenic treatment increases the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries and the precipitation of finely dispersed carbides in the matrix,decreases the volume fraction of inter-lath retained austenite,and hence improves the strength and hardness.Compared with the conventional treatment,the hardness,yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the steel after cryogenic treatment are increased by 11.7%,12.6%and 18.3%,respectively,while the impact energy is decreased by 9.8%.

关键词： Bearing steel Cryogenic treatment Lath martensite Retained austenite Mechanical property

Ultrahigh cycle fatigue fracture mechanism of high-quality Bearing steel obtained through different deoxidation methods

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2021年第5期28卷 804-815页

作者： Wei Xiao Yan-ping Bao Chao Gu Min Wang Yu Liu Yong-sheng Huang Guang-tao Sun State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China ZENITH steel Group Co.Ltd. Changzhou 213000China

The mechanism of oxide inclusions in fatigue crack initiation in the very-high cycle fatigue(VHCF)regime was clarified by subjecting Bearing steels deoxidized by Al(Al-deoxidized steel)and Si(Si-deoxidized steel)to ultrasonic tension-compression fatigue tests(stress ratio,R=−1)and analyzing the characteristics of the detected inclusions.Results show that the main types of inclusions in Si-and Al-deoxidized steels are silicate and calcium aluminate,respectively.The content of calcium aluminate inclusions larger than 15μm in Si-deoxidized steel is lower than that in Al-deoxidized steel,and the difference observed may be attributed to different inclusion generation processes during melting.Despite differences in their cleanliness and total oxygen contents,the Si-and Al-deoxidized steels show similar VHCF lives.The factors causing fatigue failure in these steels reveal distinct differences.Calcium aluminate inclusions are responsible for the cracks in Al-deoxidized steel.By comparison,most fatigue cracks in Si-deoxidized steel are triggered by the inhomogeneity of a steel matrix,which indicates that the damage mechanisms of the steel matrix can be a critical issue for this type of steel.A minor portion of the cracks in Si-deoxidized steel could be attributed to different types of inclusions.The mechanisms of fatigue fracture caused by calcium aluminate and silicate inclusions were further analyzed.Calcium aluminate inclusions first separate from the steel matrix and then trigger crack generation.Silicate inclusions and the steel matrix are closely combined in a fatigue process;thus,these inclusions have mild effects on the fatigue life of Bearing steels.Si/Mn deoxidation is an effective method to produce high-quality Bearing steel with a long fatigue life and good liquid steel fluidity.

关键词： Bearing steel non-aluminum deoxidation inclusion fatigue crack initiation tessellated stresses

Effects of vertical electromagnetic stirring on grain refinement and macrosegregation control of Bearing steel billet in continuous casting

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Journal of Iron and steel Research(International) 2017年第5期24卷 483-489页

作者： Yu Xu En-gang Wang Zhuang Li An-yuan Deng Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education) Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 Liaoning China School of Metallurgy Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 Liaoning China School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 Liaoning China

The grain refinement and macrosegregation control of GCrl5 Bearing steel were investigated under a type of rarely-used electromagnetic stirring, vertical electromagnetic stirring （V-EMS）, in continuous casting. V-EMS can create an upward electromagnetic force and generate longitudinal loop convection, which ena- bles the better mixing of the upper part with the lower part of the liquid steel. The results showed that ap- plying V-EMS can enlarge the region of the equiaxed grain, decrease the secondary dendrite arm spacing （SDAS） and reduce the segregation of both carbon and sulfur. After applying V-EMS, liquid steel with a high solute concentration is brought to the dendrite tips, making the dendrite arms partially melt. The length of the dendrite fragment is approximately 1.8 mm, 10 to 12 times the SDAS. Upon increasing the amount of cooling water from 2.0 to 3.5 m3/h, the dendrite fragments exhibit an obvious aggregation fol- lowing V-EMS. Finally, a criterion for dendrite fragmentation under V-EMS was derived based on the dendrite fragmentation theory of Campanella et al.

关键词： Vertical electromagnetic stirring Dendrite fragmentation Grain refinement Continuous casting Bearing steel Macrosegregation control

Effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in Bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue regime

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2018年第6期25卷 623-629页

作者： Chao Gu Yan-ping Bao Peng Gan Min Wang Jin-shan He State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy University of Science and Technology Beijing steel Institute RWTH Aachen University

This work aims to investigate the effect of main inclusions on crack initiation in Bearing steel in the very high cycle fatigue（VHCF） regime. The size and type of inclusions in the steel were quantitatively analyzed, and VHCF tests were performed. Some fatigue cracks were found to be initiated in the gaps between inclusions（Al2 O3, Mg O-Al2 O3） and the matrix, while other cracks originated from the interior of inclusions（Ti N, Mn S）. To explain the related mechanism, the tessellated stresses between inclusions and the matrix were calculated and compared with the yield stress of the matrix. Results revealed that the inclusions could be classified into two types under VHCF; of these two, only one type could be regarded as holes. Findings in this research provide a better understanding of how inclusions affect the high cycle fatigue properties of Bearing steel.

关键词： very high cycle fatigue Bearing steel inclusions tessellated slress crack initiation

Effects of Sub-zero Celsius Treatment and Tempering on the Stability of Retained Austenite in Bearing steel

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2015年第6期28卷 787-792页

作者： Xiao-Hui Lu Wei Li Cheng-Lin Wang Hong-Shan Zhao Xue-Jun Jin State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composite School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Advanced steels and Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

In this work, the influence of sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering on the mechanical and thermal stability of retained austenite in beating steel were assessed by tensile test and DSC. Compared with traditional quenched and tempered treatment, sub-zero Celsius treatment obviously decreases the volume fraction of retained austenite. Moreover, the mechanical stability of retained austenite was enhanced due to the accumulation of compressive stresses in retained austenite after sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering. Meanwhile, the morphology of retained austenite changed from film-like to blocky with austenitization temperature increasing, and the mechanical stability of film-like retained austenite is higher than that of blocky one. The DSC results showed that the activation energy of retained austenite decomposition slightly increased through sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering. This result may probably be ascribed to partitioning of carbon during tempering. However, the temperature at which retained austenite starts to decompose is unchanged.

关键词： Bearing steel Sub-zero Celsius treatment Retained austenite Stability

Tribological Performance Improvement of Bearing steel GCr15 by an Alternating Magnetic Treatment

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2017年第10期30卷 957-964页

作者： Yan-Li Song Cheng Yu Xia Miao Xing-Hui Han Dong-Sheng Qian Xu Chen Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Automotive Parts Wuhan University of Technology Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology Wuhan University of Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology

This paper discusses the tribological performance of the Bearing steel GCr15 treated by an alternating magnetic field. The wear test results showed that the average of wear mass losses decreased by nearly 80% after the magnetic treatment, compared to those before the magnetic treatment. The micro-hardness and microstructures（i.e., grain size,carbide morphology and dislocation distribution） before and after the magnetic treatment were experimentally investigated,and the mechanism of the tribological performance improvement of the Bearing steel GCr15 due to the magnetic treatment was then revealed based on the above results.

关键词： Tribological performance Magnetic treatment Bearing steel

Influence of cryogenic treatment on the wear characteristics of 100Cr6 Bearing steel

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2014年第1期21卷 46-51页

作者： R.Sri Siva D.Mohan Lal P.Kesavan Nair M.Arockia Jaswin Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering GuindyAnna University Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Mechanical Engineering Aksheyaa College of Engineering

A series of reciprocating wear tests were performed on the deep cryogenically treated and conventionally heat-treated samples of 100Cr6 Bearing steel to study the wear resistance. The worn surfaces as well as the wear debris were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The improvement in wear resistance of the deep cryogenically treated samples ranges from 49% to 52%. This significant improvement in wear resistance can be attributed to finer carbide precipitation in the tempered martensitie matrix and the transformation of retained aus- tenite into martensite. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the volume fraction of retained austenite in the conventionally heat-treated samples is 14% and that of the deep cryogenically treated samples is only 3%.

关键词： Bearing steel cryogenic treatment wear resistance carbides martensite