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Three-stage niobium mineralization at bayan obo, China

National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 102-110页

作者： Yan Yu Yang Li Yu Liu Xiao-Xiao Ling Li-Guang Wu Li Yang Lan Yang Bo Yang Yong-Gang Zhao Xian-Hua Li State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Planetary Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking University Mining Research Institute Baotou Iron and Steel(Group) Co.LTD State Key Laboratory of Baiyunobo Rare Earth Resource Research and Comprehensive Utilization

The Chinese bayan obo deposit is a world-class rare earth element(REE) deposit with considerable niobium(Nb) and iron(Fe) resources. A complete genetic understanding on all metals is fundamental for establishing genetic models at bayan obo. With extensive research being focused on REE enrichment, the timing and controls of Nb enrichment remain unresolved at bayan obo, which is mainly due to the challenges in dating, i.e. multistage thermal events, fine-grained minerals with complex textures and the rare occurrence of uranium-enriched minerals with mature dating methods. Based on robust geological and petrographic frameworks, here we conducted ion probe uranium-lead(U-Pb) dating of ferrocolumbite to unravel the timing, hence the genesis of Nb mineralization. Three types of hydrothermal ferrocolumbites—key Nb-bearing minerals—are identified based on their textures and mineral assemblages. They yield U-Pb ages of 1312 ± 47 Ma(n = 99), 438 ± 7 Ma(n = 93), and 268 ± 5 Ma(n = 19), respectively. In line with deposit geology, we tentatively link the first, second and third stage Nb mineralization to Mesoproterozoic carbonatite magmatism, ubiquitous early Paleozoic hydrothermal activity, and Permian granitic magmatism, respectively. While quantifying the contribution of metal endowment from each stage requires further investigation, our new dates highlight that multi-stage mineralization is critical for Nb enrichment at bayan obo, which may also have implications for the enrichment mechanism of Nb in REE deposits in general.

关键词： niobium mineralization U-Pb dating ferrocolumbite bayan obo

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Iron isotope fractionation during fenitization:a case study of carbonatite dykes from bayan obo,Inner Mongolia,China

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Acta Geochimica 2022年第5期41卷 789-793页

作者： Zongyi Wu Jian Sun Xiaowei Li Xiangkun Zhu Institute of Geology MNR Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth DynamicsChinese Academy of Geological Sciences MNR Key Laboratory of Isotope Geology100037 BeijingPR China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth Science and ResourcesUniversity of Geosciences100083 BeijingChina

As a powerful tracer in high-temperature geochemistry,Fe isotopes have been studied for their behaviour during fl uid exsolution and evolution related to felsic magma system,but that for carbonatite magma system remains unknown.Here we study the Fe isotope fractionation behaviour during fenitization–processes that widely occur associated with carbonatite or alkaline intrusions.Nine fenite/carbonatite samples from carbonatite dykes at bayan obo area are analyzed for their Fe isotope compositions as well as elemental compositions.Combined with previous reported carbonatite δ^(56)Fe data,the results show that carbonatites range from-0.35‰to 0.28‰,with an average of-0.10‰in δ^(56)Fe values,while fenites range from-0.17‰to 0.30‰,with an average of 0.11‰in δ^(56)Fe values.This indicates that fenitizing fl uids exsolved from carbonatite melts are enriched in heavier Fe isotopes.Such a Fe isotope fractionation trend is diff erent from that for fl uid exsolution from felsic magmatism.δ^(56)Fe values in fenites are negatively correlated with indicators of fenitization intensity such as(Na+K),Ti,Ba,Th,Nb,U or Pb abundances,likely refl ecting that Fe isotopes fractionate during the evolution of the fenitizing fl uids.Thus,Fe isotopes are a valuable tool for tracing fl uid exsolution and evolution relevant to carbonatite magmatism and related metal mineralization.

关键词： Iron isotopes Fenitization Fluid exsolution Carbonatite bayan obo

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Geology and mineralization of the bayan obo supergiant carbonatite-type REE-Nb-Fe deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: A review

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China Geology 2023年第4期6卷 716-750,I0004,I0005页

作者： Yi-ke Li Chang-hui Ke Hong-quan She Deng-hong Wang Cheng Xu An-jian Wang Rui-ping Li Zi-dong Peng Ze-ying Zhu Kui-feng Yang Wei Chen Jian-wei Zi Wen-lei Song Yong-gang Zhao Li Zhang Hong Yu Bin Guo Sheng-quan Zhou Xing-yu Yuan Jing-yao Liu MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment Institute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China John de Laeter Centre Curtin UniversityBentleyWA 6102Australia State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi’an 710069China bayan obo Iron Mine Baotou Steel(Group)Co.Ltd.Inner MongoliaBaotou 014080China

The bayan obo supergiant carbonatite-related rare-earth-element-niobium-iron(REE-Nb-Fe) endogenetic deposit(thereafter as the bayan obo deposit), located at 150 km north of Baotou City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is the largest rare-earth element(REE) resource in the world. Tectonically,this deposit is situated on the northern margin of the North China Craton and adjacent to the Xing’anMongolian orogenic belt to the south. The main strata within the mining area include the Neoarchean Se’ertengshan Group and the Mesoproterozoic bayan obo Group. Generally, the rare earth, niobium, and iron mineralization within the deposit are intrinsically related to the dolomite carbonatites and the extensive alteration of the country rocks caused by the carbonatite magma intrusion. The alteration of country rocks can be categorized into three types: contact metasomatism(anti-skarn and skarn alteration), fenitization,and hornfelsic alternation. As indicated by previous studies and summarized in this review, the multielement mineralization at bayan obo is closely associated with the metasomatic replacement of siliceous country rocks by carbonatite magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The metasomatic process is comparable to the conventional skarnification that formed due to the intrusion of intermediate-acid magmatic rocks into limestone strata. However, the migration pattern of Si O2, Ca O, and Mg O in this novel metasomatic process is opposite to the skarn alteration. Accordingly, this review delineates, for the first time, an antiskarn metallogenic model for the bayan obo deposit, revealing the enigmatic relationship between the carbonatite magmatic-hydrothermal processes and the related iron and rare earth mineralization.Moreover, this study also contributes to a better understanding of the REE-Nd-Fe metallogenetic processes and the related fluorite mineralization at the bayan obo deposit.

关键词： Rare earth elements Niobium ore Iron ore Fluorite ore Igneous carbonatite Fenitization Metasomatism Anti-skarn bayan obo

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bayan obo Carbonatites:Texture Evidence from Polyphase Intrusive and Extrusive Carbonatites

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2010年第6期84卷 1365-1376页

作者： WANG Kaiyi FAN Hongrui YANG Kuifeng HU Fangfang MA Yuguang Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029

Most of the so-called bayan obo fine-grained dolomite marbles collected from the main and east orebodies show a microporphyritic texture,namely the microphenocrysts are set in a very finegrained matrix,although nearly all of them have undergone recrystallization caused either by deformation or alteration.The texture seems likely to have maintained the original features.It is known that one of the most characteristic textures of volcanic rocks is the porphyritic texture,and the microporphyritic texture is a variety in which both the phenocrysts and the matrix are only distinguishable with the microscope.Therefore,the dolomite marbles in the main and east orebodies may be related to the extrusive carbonatites.In addition,there also occur some carbonatite sills and dykes with different textures at bayan obo.Thus,the bayan obo carbonatites are polyphase intrusive and extrusive carbonatites.

关键词： extrusive carbonatite microporphyritic texture bayan obo

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Rare Earths, Niobium and Tantalum Minerals in bayan obo Ore Deposit and Discussion on Their Genesis

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Journal of Rare Earths 2002年第2期20卷 81-86页

作者：张培善陶克捷杨主明杨学明宋仁奎 Inst. of Geol. and Geophys. Chinese Acad. of Sci. Beijing 100029 China

bayan obo ore deposit is endowed with and lie hidden in the Proterozoic strata. The localities and occurrences of the minerals in the ore deposit were described. It is obviously that some minerals are strata minerals and some are post strata minerals. The rare earths, niobium and tantalum minerals are exactly the post strata minerals. In these minerals the hydrothermal metasomatic phenomena distinctly reveal their metallogenic characteristics. According to tectonic movement, magma activity, mineral paragenesis, hydrothermal metasomatism, geological age and lasting time scale of metallogenesis, and some other factors, it is supposed that genesis of rare earths, niobium and tantalum minerals in bayan obo ore deposit are closely related with hydrothermal metallogenic solution which is differentiated from silica acid and carbonic acid magma and derived from deep seated source, and then intruded into Proterozoic strata and metasomatized. It is recognized that the metallogenesis of bayan obo ore deposit is undergoing a long geological period and many episodes.

关键词： rare earths niobium and tantalum mineral genesis bayan obo

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Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Micrite Mound Carbonates and Other Related REE Mineralized Carbonates from bayan obo Area in Inner Mongolia

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Journal of Rare Earths 2005年第2期23卷 129-137页

作者：杨晓勇郑永飞杨学明章雨旭彭阳裘丽雯 School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China The State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research Nanjing University Nanjing 200093 China Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China

Geochemical study on trace and rare earth element geochemistry was carried out for different carbonates including the very REE-rich ones in the main ore bodies, a carbonatite dyke and two micrite mounds from Heilaobao far away from the bayan obo ore deposit, and Xishan in west Beijing. The results show that both carbonatite dyke and REE mineralized carbonates (dolomite and marble) in the main ore bodies and outside ore bodies have similarities to each other, with very extreme positive anomaly of Ba, Th, Nb, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Pb, medium positive anomaly of Y, Ho, Tb, Er, Yb and negative anomaly of Sc, Ti and Cu. The REE concentration in the mineralized carbonates changes greatly, the total REE content changes from 262×10^(-6) in both east and west ore deposits to 104562 ×10^(-6) (10.46%), which is relatively lower than those samples of carbonatite dyke, whose REE contents vary greatly, from 1% up to 20 % of mass fraction. Light REE in the carbonatites are enriched and highly fractionated relative to heavy REE and there is no Eu anomaly. The REE distribution patterns of both mineralized carbonate and carbonatite dyke are of some similarities. However, the sedimentary carbonate micrite of Salinhudong Group in Heilaobao far outside the ore bodies and the pure carbonates from Xishan in Beijing, central part of North China plate, have the similarities in REE distributions with much lower REE contents, which are significantly different from those of carbonatite dyke and REE mineralized carbonate. In bayan obo district, both carbonates in the ore deposit and micrite mound outside the ore deposit underwent widespread metasomatism by fluids that resulted in formation of the superlager Fe-Nb-REE mineralization. It appears that the carbonates represent the evolution products of different geological stages.

关键词： geochemistry carbonate micrite mound trace element rare earth element bayan obo

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Geochemical Characteristics of a Carbonatite Dyke Rich in Rare Earths from bayan obo, China

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Journal of Rare Earths 2000年第1期18卷 1-8页

作者：杨学明杨晓勇陈天虎张培善陶克捷 Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Department of Resources and Environment Sciences Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Department of Geology Southampton University United Kingdom Natural History Museum London SW7 5BD United Kingdom

The whole-rock geochemistry of a rare earths rich carbonatite dykes that locates at Dulahala and lies 3 km north-east to the East Ore body of the giant bayan obo RE-Nb-Fe deposit was analysed. The dyke cuts cross H1 coarse quartz sandstone and H2 fine quartzite of the Proterozoic bayan obo group. RE content in the dyke varies greatly up to 20% (mass fraction), which comprises rich RE ores. Light RE in carbonatites are extremely enriched and strongly fractionated relative to heavy RE, but no Eu anomaly. The carbonatite may be produced by mechanisms as follows: the carbonatite mana is directly formed by very low degree (F bayan obo deposit. However, the carbonatite is calcic, which is different from the fine-grained dolomite marble in major element geochemistry. The difference is suggested to be resulted from that the carbonatite dyke is not affected by a large scale dolomitization, while the fine-grained dolomite marble might be the product of dolomitized carbonatite intrusive body that might set up a hydrothermal system in the region, which transported Mg from the bayan obo sediments, especially form the shales to the carbonatite intrusion.

关键词： rare earths carbonatite fractional crystallization hydrothermal fluid bayan obo

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U-Pb Ages and Hf Isotope of Zircons from a Carbonatite Dyke in the bayan obo Fe-REE Deposit in Inner Mongolia: its Geological Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第6期93卷 1783-1796页

作者： LAI Xiaodong YANG Xiaoyong School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan UniversityFoshanGuangdong 528225China CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China

Detailed studies on U-Pb ages and Hf isotope have been carried out in zircons from a carbonatite dyke associated with the bayan obo giant REE-Nb-Fe deposit,northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC),which provide insights into the plate tectonic in Paleoproterozoic.Analyses of small amounts of zircons extracted from a large sample of the Wu carbonatite dyke have yielded two ages of late Archaean and late Paleoproterozoic(with mean 207 Pb/206 Pb ages of 2521±25 Ma and 1921±14 Ma,respectively).Mineral inclusions in the zircon identified by Raman spectroscopy are all silicate minerals,and none of the zircon grains has the extremely high Th/U characteristic of carbonatite,which are consistent with crystallization of the zircon from silicate,and the zircon is suggested to be derived from trapped basement complex.Hf isotopes in the zircon from the studied carbonatite are different from grain to grain,suggesting the zircons were not all formed in one single process.Majority ofεHf(t)values are compatible with ancient crustal sources with limited juvenile component.The Hf data and their TDM2 values also suggest a juvenile continental growth in Paleoproterozoic during the period of 1940–1957 Ma.Our data demonstrate the major crustal growth during the Paleoproterozoic in the northern margin of the NCC,coeval with the assembly of the supercontinent Columbia,and provide insights into the plate tectonic of the NCC in Paleoproterozoic.

关键词： crustal growth zircon U-Pb age Hf isotope bayan obo North China Craton

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Fenitized Wall Rock Geochemistry of the First Carbonatite Dyke at bayan obo, Inner Mongolia, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第2期92卷 600-613页

作者： WANG Kaiyi ZHANG Jien YU Liangjun FANG Aimin DONG Ce HU Fuyou Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The first carbonatite dyke at bayan obo is well exposed on the surface for a length and width of approximately 60 m and 1.1-1.5 m, respectively. Along its strike, the fenitized H1 （Qs） and H2 （Cs） quartzite is replaced by Na-amphiboles, aegirines, and alkali-feldspars, intermittently stretching as far away as 800 m in length. Based on petrographical characteristics, the dyke＇s fenitized wall rocks are divisible into different zones：（1） outer, （2） middle, and （3） inner. The outer zone is 5-17 m from the NW margin of the dyke. The middle zone is located at 3.5-5 m from the NW margin of the dyke. The inner contact zone is located between direct contact with the dyke and 3.5 m from the dyke. In the outer zone, upon visual examination, no evidence of outcrop fenitization was found and the major elemental rock composition is nearly identical to the unaltered H1 and H2 lithologies. In the thin sections, however, small amounts of Na-amphibole and phlogopite are present. Despite relatively poor development throughout the 5 m of fenitization, the wall rocks have retained at least a small geochemical signature comparable to the original sedimentary protolith. The fenites occurring in the inner zone exhibit distinct variations, not only for the sharp contact at the outcrop scale, but also for variations in major, rare earth elements （REE）, and trace elements and Sm-Nd isotope composition. The wall rocks within 3.5 m have undergone strong fenitization, inheriting the geochemical signature derived from the carbonatite dyke. Fenitization in the middle zone was not as strong, at least compared to the inner zone, but was stronger than the outer zone. Compared to some trace elements and REEs, the major elements are relatively immobile during fenitization. The Sm-Nd isotope data for the carbonatite dyke and the adjacent fenitized wall rocks, where the Sm and Nd originate solely from the dyke, plots as a six-point isochron with an age of 1308~56 Ma. This age is identical to that of ore-bearing dolomite carbonatite and the related o

关键词： bayan obo first carbonatite dyke fenitization

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Trachytic Rock and Associated Fenitization in the bayan obo Ore Deposit,Inner Mongolia,China:Evidence for Magmatic-Hydrothermal Mineralization Related to a Carbonatitic Complex

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2000年第2期74卷 148-153页

作者： YUAN Zhongxin BAI Ge ZHANG Zongqing Institute of Mineral Deposits Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences26 Baiwanzhuang Rd.Beijing 100037 Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 26 Baiwanzhuang Rd.Beijing 100037

Trachytic rock and its altered rock—fenite—in the bayan obo ore district, Inner Mongolia, China, were referred to as slate or feldspar rock before, and identified by the authors for the first time (in 1992). In the paper the mineral assemblages, structures and textures and petrochemical compositions of the rocks, as well as the electron microprobe analysis of feldspars in the rocks are described. The Sm-Nd isochron age of the trachytic rock is 1096 ± 56 Ma, with INd=0.51100±4 (2 s?) and ?Nd(t)= ?4.4 ± 0.7. Alterations of the trachytic rock, including microclinization, riebeckitization, aegirinization and biotitization, and accompanied rare element and REE mineralizations are discussed. Based on the occurrence of the trachytic rock and associated fenitization it is deduced that the bayan obo Fe-Nb-REE ore deposit is genetically related to magmatic-hydrothermal activity of an alkali carbonatite complex.

关键词： trachytic rock fenitization bayan obo

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