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Current Zoology 2011年第2期57卷 225-236页

作者： Gail L. PATRICELLI Alan H. KRAKAUER Richard MCELREATH Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA Department of Anthropology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .

关键词： bargaining Game theory Lek Sexual selection Signaling Negotiation

Price squeeze under fairness: the road to supply chain coordination with a powerful retailer

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Journal of Management Analytics 2022年第4期9卷 448-479页

作者： Mengmeng Wang Xiaojing Feng Antai College of Economics&Management Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiPeople’s Republic of China West Institute for Economic Research Southwestern University of Finance and EconomicsChengduPeople’s Republic of China

This research investigates the impacts of the manufacturer’s fairness concerns on the supply chain performance when the power retailer implements a price squeeze and market service investment *** game-theoretic modeling,we find that 1)in the absence of fairness,although the manufacturer may be worse off due to possessing imperfect information on the price squeeze rate,the channel may be coordinated through an ex-ante negotiation between the two parties.2)When the manufacturer has fairness concerns for price squeeze,both channel performance and brand goodwill are made worse by disadvantageous inequality and improved by advantageous inequality versus the case of no fairness ***,channel members’ex-ante negotiations regarding a profit reallocation scheme under certain conditions may achieve the following three objectives:generating a channel profit of the coordination level,promoting brand goodwill to the level of the integrated channel,and creating an equitable channel relationship.

关键词： behavioral operations management power retailer fairness channel coordination price squeeze bargaining

Legal and Political Practices in China's Central-Local Dynamics

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Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 2021年第4期14卷 523-547页

作者： Chenxi Wang School of Intellectual Property Nanjing University of Science and Technology200 Xiaolingwei StreetXuanwu DistrictNanjing 210094JiangsuChina

This article investigates China's central-local dynamics in the process of adjusting regulatory discrepancies among different levels of government from both legal and political *** finds that in China’s central-local interactions,legal practices have been rather limited and only developed lately,and political practices have long been in place to fill the blank left by legal practices and accommodate China's growing rule of law in the contemporary *** legal practices,this study explores the legislative review interactions between the central and local state organs which have been opaque and experience a leap forward from 2017 with China's advancement of the rule of *** for political practices,this study focuses on two types of interactions between the central and local governments,top-down campaigns and bottom-up *** and bargaining have a long history in China’s central-local dynamics and intertwine with China’s contemporary legal development in policy-making and implementation *** on data collected from China's practical governance,this article attempts to provide a roadmap in the explanation of the patterns of central-local dynamics from a multi-disciplinary angle and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of China5s central-local dynamics that smooth central-local tensions and drive China forward along the economic development path as a monolith.

关键词： China Central-local relations Legislative review Campaign bargaining

Path Selection of China’s Medical Reform Based on Empirical Measurement of Asymmetric Information

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Health 2018年第10期10卷 1406-1430页

作者： Xiaoxuan Yang Department of Economics University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison USA

Based on the micro individual data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) database and the development of China’s medical and health system reform since the reform and opening-up in 1978, this paper applies a two-tier stochastic frontier model to measure the degree of asymmetric information between physicians and patients in China’s medical service market and estimate the impact of bargaining on the final price of health care both holistically and annually. The empirical results show that: 1) The information mastered by physicians and patients have significant but opposing effects on the final medical service price. Physicians hold more information relative to patients and thus have stronger bargaining power. 2) Almost all patients will be forced to accept a medical price higher than the benchmark price by 16.52% on average by receiving excessive and expensive medical services, despite the differences in bargaining power between physicians and patients are highly heterogeneous. 3) The series of medical reforms in China had different impacts on medical care pricing efficiency. Especially, the early medical reforms could impose a positive impact on the efficiency of the medical market in the initial stage. I further propose that the path choice of China’s new round of medical reform should be as follows: It is necessary to insist on government-led efforts to protect the public welfare of medical services, and to introduce market mechanisms to mobilize social resources and improve the efficiency of the medical market. In addition, I point out that the establishment and improvement of the general practitioner system may reduce the degree of information asymmetry between physicians and patients, thus alleviating China's deteriorating physician-patient relationship.

关键词： Information Asymmetry Medical Reform bargaining Power Two-Tier Stochastic Frontier Model General Practitioner

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政府监管下的医疗器械供应链议价研究

物流管理 2018年第10期

作者：兰洪杰张利沙

供应链议价直接影响到产品的需求状况和企业的竞争优势，是供应链中任何企业都会面临的重要难题，是降低企业成本和提高企业收益的关键。合理制定医疗器械供应链议价监管机制能够有效降低不良事件的发生概率，减少安全事故。引入需求函... 详细信息

供应链议价直接影响到产品的需求状况和企业的竞争优势，是供应链中任何企业都会面临的重要难题，是降低企业成本和提高企业收益的关键。合理制定医疗器械供应链议价监管机制能够有效降低不良事件的发生概率，减少安全事故。引入需求函数和政府奖惩函数，考虑议价能力的影响，运用最优化理论和议价理论，系统探讨无政府监管和政府监管的制造商和供应商决策情形。结果显示：政府通过实施有效的激励惩罚措施，能够积极引导供应链的良性发展；企业通过提高医疗器械质量、扩大企业知名度等，能够提高供应链议价能力。

关键词：政府监管医疗器械供应链议价 government supervision medical equipment supply chain bargaining

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外部性、阶级与帕累托改进

政治经济学评论 2018年第3期

作者：李风华

帕累托改进往往被许多经济学家视为社会福利、制度改革的根本标准，姚洋教授进一步将它阐释为一种分配正义原则，用以兼蓄乃至仲裁诸多正义原则。但是帕累托改进本质上是自由至上主义倾向的产物，用其作为分配正义原则存在着内在的困难... 详细信息

帕累托改进往往被许多经济学家视为社会福利、制度改革的根本标准，姚洋教授进一步将它阐释为一种分配正义原则，用以兼蓄乃至仲裁诸多正义原则。但是帕累托改进本质上是自由至上主义倾向的产物，用其作为分配正义原则存在着内在的困难。从外部性来看，效用函数的外部性意味着帕累托改进难以有效，而价值观的相互冲突乃至对立——外部性的观念表现——更意味着帕累托改进无法仲裁，自身甚至也被自由等其他价值观所否定。从分配的后果来看，帕累托改进往往更有利于强者，并在长期演化中促成了阶级分化和固化。因此，本文认为，帕累托改进存在着严重的困难，合理的分配正义观应当从社会主义分配的实践中通过反思得出，并予以形式化的总结。

关键词：分配正义帕累托改进外部性讨价还价阶级 distributional justice Pareto improvement externality bargaining class

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确立中国式辩诉交易程序之研讨