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Comparison of Potential Bio-Energy Feedstock Production and Water Quality Impacts Using a Modeling Approach

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2012年第9期4卷 763-771页

作者： Prem B. Parajuli Mississippi State University

Cellulosic and agricultural bio-energy crops can be utilized as feedstock source for bio-fuels production and provide environmental benefits such as hydrology, water quality. This study compared potential feedstock yield and water quality benefit scenarios of six bio-energy crops: Miscanthus (Miscanthus-giganteus), Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Corn (Zea mays), and Soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} at the watershed scale using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The SWAT model was calibrated (1998 to 2002) and validated (2003 to 2010) using monthly measured USGS stream flow data. Model was further verified using available monthly sediment yield, and county level NASS corn and soybean yield data within the watershed. The long-term average annual potential feedstock yield as an alternative energy source was determined the greatest when growing Miscanthus grass scenario (21.9 Mg/ha) followed by Switchgrass (15.2 Mg/ha), Johnsongrass (12.1 Mg/ha), Alfalfa (7 Mg/ha), Corn (5.9 Mg/ha), and Soybean (2.35 Mg/ha). Model results determined the least amount of average annual sediment yield (1.1 Mg/ha) from the Miscanthus grass scenario and the greatest amount (12 Mg/ha) from the corn crop scenario. About 11% less annual average surface water flow from the watershed could be anticipated when converting land areas from soybean to Miscanthus grass. The results of this study suggested that growing Miscanthus grass in the UPRW would have the greatest potential feedstock yield and water quality benefits. The results of this study may help in developing future watershed management programs.

关键词： biofuels Feedstock Yield Stream Flow Water Quality SWAT Watershed

Assessing Cleaner Energy Alternatives for Bus Transit in Rio de Janeiro:A Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2015年第11期6卷 1197-1218页

作者： Marcio de Almeida D’Agosto Cintia Machado de Oliveira Fabiana do Couto Assumpcao Ana Carolina Peixoto Deveza Programa de Engenharia de Transportes Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Engenharia(COPPE)Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil Centro Federal de Educacao Tecnologica Celso Suckow da Fonseca Engenharia Industrial MecanicaUnedItaguaiBrazil

From 2003 to 2009 in Brazilian municipalities of over 60,000 inhabitants, buses accounted for more than 25% of urban trips. This trend is not expected to change in the medium term. Worldwide, buses rely on petroleum diesel as fuel. In Brazil, alternative fuels such as biodiesel, natural gas and ethanol are available and the choice among them should depend on the assessment of the entire life cycle of such fuels. This paper uses a Life Cycle Inventory, which is essential to the implementation of a Life Cycle Assessment, to assess six energy alternatives: petroleum diesel, biodiesel, petroleum diesel with 5% of biodiesel, compressed natural gas, additivated hydrous ethanol and dual-fuel system composed by petroleum diesel with 5% of biodiesel and compressed natural gas. In saving total energy consumption, pure petroleum diesel or mixed with 5% biodiesel and dual-fuel systems stand out, in that order. If renewable energy use and net carbon dioxide emissions reduction are the goals, ethanol and biodiesel should be given preference. The addition of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel increases the share of renewable energy in the supply chain of petroleum diesel by 47.5% with an increase of 0.58% in total energy consumption and a reduction of 3.8% in net CO2 emissions during the life cycle. In the case of biodiesel, the addition of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel increases the share of renewable energy in the supply chain by 51.15% with an increase of 0.03% in the total energy consumption and a decrease of 7% in net CO2 emissions in the life cycle. The use of 5% of biodiesel in petroleum diesel does not significantly affect the use of renewable energy (+0.69%) or total energy consumption (+0.04%) in ethanol supply chain, which already shows a great use of renewable energy input. However, a decrease of 9.29% in the net CO2 emissions in the supply chain occurs, which reaches 5.28% in the life cycle.

关键词： Renewable Energy Total Energy Public Transportation biofuels Life Cycle

The Suitability of Maize as a Bio-ethanol Crop in South Africa

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Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 2011年第6期5卷 742-752页

作者： M. Smith N. Kotze Department of Geography Environmental Management and Energy Studies University of Johannesburg Johannesburg 2006 South Africa

biofuels could contribute, on a worldwide basis, to the attainment of international energy-policy objectives in three ways： by reducing dependence on imported oil; by increasing the availability of renewable energy sources; and by addressing environmental issues. It is an absolute necessity in South Africa to utilise sustainable and renewable energy sources, such as biofuels, but the production of bio-ethanol will ultimately place pressure on the limited and fragile agricultural resources of the country. Because of the proposed bio-ethanol plant at Bothaville this paper will firstly develop a methodology suitable for South African conditions in order to establish whether agricultural crops could be used for the production of biofuels. Secondly, it probes the suitability of maize as a biofuel crop in this country by investigating four possible bio-ethanol potential scenarios which are qualitatively formulated to provide a comprehensive overview of this study. Only in the best-case scenario could maize produce the required volumes as set out by the South African government for 2013.

关键词： biofuels energy crop maize food security South Africa.

Multi-Criteria Assessment of Biofuel Production in Small Islands

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Natural Resources 2015年第4期6卷 230-236页

作者： David Legna-de la Nuez Serafín Corral-Quintana David Romero-Manrique de Lara Department of Applied Economics and Qualitative Methods University of La Laguna Canary Islands Spain Department of Applied Economics and Qualitative Methods & CIBICAN University of La Laguna Canary Islands Spain

This paper discusses various policy alternatives for the implementation of a biofuel crop on an island scale. It adopts an integrated approach by carrying out Multi-Criteria Assessment, as well as using a Geographical Information System. The assessment is based on an interdisciplinary research project carried out by the University of La Laguna to evaluate the agricultural and chemical feasibility, and the socio-economic implications of the cultivation of Jatropha as a source of biofuel on one of the Canary Islands, Fuerteventura. A number of alternatives were analysed for growing Jatropha, and the results suggest that the best alternative involves using Typic Torrifluents soil and irrigation with reclaimed Recycled Urban Wastewater at 75% evapotranspiration cover.

关键词： Jatropha Crop biofuels Multi-Criteria Assessment Arid Soils

Quality Characteristics and Radioactive Contamination of Wood Pellet Imported in Italy

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2015年第5期5卷 183-190页

作者： Massimo Calabrese Matteo Quarantotto Chiara Cantaluppi Andrea Fasson Paolo Bogoni Department of Economics Business Mathematics and Statistics University of Trieste Trieste Italy University of Trieste Trieste Italy Institute for Energetics and Interphases National Research Council of Italy Padova Italy

The problem of Caesium-137 (137 Cs) contamination of the imported wood pellet used for burning has been reported in Italy since June 2009. Since then, sampling and analysis were performed at the crossing border points of the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia, on request of the Health and Customs Border Bureau. This paper presents the results of the analysis performed on 65 samples from August 2010 to March 2012, which covered a total of products over 1500 tons of various origins, imported from Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Most of the samples showed very low 137 Cs activity concentrations;only a few hot spots showed 137 Cs activity concentrations higher than 100 Bq·kg-1. The results of dose evaluations for wood pellet stoves users under the hypotheses assumed in this study were largely below the threshold of radiological relevance.

关键词： Radioactivity Wood Pellet biofuels Caesium-137 Radioprotection

Quantification of Lipid Content and Identification of the Main Lipid Classes Present in Microalgae Extracts Scenedesmus sp. for Obtaining Fatty Compounds for Biofuel Production

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Energy and Power Engineering 2020年第6期12卷 273-287页

作者： Carolina Vieira Viegas Leonardo Brantes Bacellar Mendes Rafael Richard João Gisel Chenard Díaz Donato A. G. Aranda Yordanka Reyes Cruz GREETEC Laboratory Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil CENPES/PETROBRáS—Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research Center Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Microalgae biomass has been reported in the literature as one of the most promising sources for obtaining different products of industrial interest such as lipids, fatty acids, carotenoids, proteins and fibers. The lipid fraction of microalgae comprises neutral lipids, free fatty acids and polar lipids. It is of great importance to estimate the composition of the lipid fraction to define the potential for use, either as a raw material for the production of biofuels or for use for nutraceuticals and/or food purposes. The microalgae Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in a photobioreactor, the sky open raceway type, was evaluated for lipid content, identification and quantification of lipid components obtained from different extracts. In the quantification of the lipid content, extraction methods were proposed without chemical treatment (use of solvents only) such as chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v)—Bligh & Dyer, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate:Hexane (1:1 v/v) and others with chemical treatment such as J-Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff (acid) and saponification (basic). For the identification of the main lipid components present in the extracts, the Thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique was used. Th

关键词： Microalgae Lipids Extraction Saponifiable Compounds biofuels

A Prospective Approach for Exploring Potential Biofuel Plants

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Journal of Life Sciences 2013年第1期7卷 69-75页

作者： Shubo Zhang Jing Liu Xiaobai Jin Daniel Wai Tin Chan Miao He Life Sciences School Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China Institutes of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beo'ing 100093 China Research Center of Built Environment and Energy Conservation Institute for Advanced Study Nanchang University Nanchang330031 China

biofuels are indeed clean, green, renewable and sustainable, which have a great effect on alleviating social energy crisis as they can be extracted from various kinds of biomass. According to the crucial enzymes involved in the synthesis of sucrose, starch and lipid, various combinations of crucial enzymes were used to retrieval in NCBI （the National Center for Biotechnology Information） database to screen out species with high similarities. Moreover, comprehensive evaluation formulas were designed to excavate potential biofuel plants, which considered several parameters including the homology index, availability rate, distribution area in China, price index and function index. Finally, tens of superior plant species, for example, Panicum virgatum, Zeal luxuriant and Brassica napus, are suggested to be the potentials in future biofuels productions. These plants have the characteristics of wide distribution, high yield, and low cost in production, and they are useful for environmental protection as well as sources of non-crop biomass fuels in China. The results provide a theoretical basis for further study and exploitation of biofuels.

关键词： biofuels new energy sucrose starch lipid.

Microalgae Cultivation Using Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae (OMEGA)

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Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems 2013年第1期3卷 18-32页

作者： Patrick Wiley Linden Harris Sigrid Reinsch Sasha Tozzi Tsegereda Embaye Kit Clark Brandi McKuin Zbigniew Kolber Russel Adams Hiromi Kagawa Tra-My Justine Richardson John Malinowski Colin Beal Matthew A. Claxton Emil Geiger Jon Rask J. Elliot Campbell Jonathan D. Trent Advanced Organic Methods Penryn USA Department of Chemistry University of California Santa Cruz USA Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada Reno USA Department of Ocean Sciences University of California Santa Cruz USA Dynamac Corporation NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field USA NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field USA School of Engineering University of California Merced USA SETI Institute Mountain View USA Universities Space Research Association Columbia USA

OMEGA is a system for cultivating microalgae using wastewater contained in floating photobioreactors (PBRs) deployed in marine environments and thereby eliminating competition with agriculture for water, fertilizer, and land. The offshore placement in protected bays near coastal cities co-locates OMEGA with wastewater outfalls and sources of CO2-rich flue gas on shore. To evaluate the feasibility of OMEGA, microalgae were grown on secondary-treated wastewater supplemented with simulated flue gas (8.5% CO2 V/V) in a 110-liter prototype system tested using a seawater tank. The flow-through system consisted of tubular PBRs made of transparent linear low-density polyethylene, a gas exchange and harvesting column (GEHC), two pumps, and an instrumentation and control (I&C) system. The PBRs contained regularly spaced swirl vanes to create helical flow and mixing for the circulating culture. About 5% of the culture volume was continuously diverted through the GEHC to manage dissolved oxygen concentrations, provide supplemental CO2, harvest microalgae from a settling chamber, and add fresh wastewater to replenish nutrients. The I&C system controlled CO2 injection and recorded dissolved oxygen levels, totalized CO2 flow, temperature, circulation rates, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), and the photosynthetic efficiency as determined by fast repetition rate fluorometry. In two experimental trials, totaling 23 days in April and May 2012, microalgae productivity averaged 14.1 ± 1.3 grams of dry biomass per square meter of PBR surface area per day (n = 16), supplemental CO2 was converted to biomass with >50% efficiency, and >90% of the ammonia-nitrogen was recovered from secondary effluent. If OMEGA can be optimized for energy efficiency and scaled up economically, it has the potential to contribute significantly to biofuels production and wastewater treatment.

关键词： biofuels Wastewater Treatment Microalgae Photobioreactor CO2 Mass Transfer Fast Repetition Rate Fluorometry Instrumentation and Control

Implementation of a Forest Biomass-Based Biofuel Industry： A Canadian Experience

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2014年第10期8卷 1680-1686页

作者： Mariya Marinova Michel Perrier Jean Paris Department of Chemical Engineering Research Unit on Energy Efficiency of the Forest Biorefinery Polytechnique MontrealMontreal P. O. Box 6079 Canada

The forest biomass is an abundant renewable resource from which biofuels can be derived. In the Kraft process, the cellulose is extracted from the wood to form the paper pulp while the other organic components, primarily hemicelluloses and lignin, are burnt to produce steam. It is possible to divert part of the hemicelluloses or lignin to produce fuels on site, a mode of operation referred to as the integrated forest biorefinery. Hemicelluloses can be hydrolysed into sugars which in turn are converted into ethanol or butanol, while lignin can be extracted from a residual process stream, the black liquor, by acid precipitation, de-ionized, dried and directly used as a fuel or further processed into value added chemicals. Biorefinery processes have been proposed and analysed by simulation on Aspen Plus. Intensive integration of thermal energy, water and material systems is of paramount importance to the sustainability of the global site; the increased energy load on the utility systems could cause rising dependency of the global site on fossil fuels. To avoid this consequence, a new original energy efficiency analysis and enhancement methodology has been developed and validated on actual Canadian Kraft mills before being applied to the integrated biorefinery and, has produced remarkable results far superior to the current engineering practice. This has led to the concept of the GIFBR （green integrated forest biorefinery）, i.e., an industrial site with zero fossil fuel consumption and reduced GHG （greenhouse gases） emissions vs. the Kraft process and biorefinery plant alone. The GIFBR incorporates a woody biomass gasifier producing syngas as a fuel for the integrated biorefinery and for steam production or sale. It can also include a CHP （combined heat and power） unit driven by steam made available by liberated production capacity from the installed power plant.

关键词： Wood biomass renewable energy integrated forest biorefinery biofuels Kraft lignin extraction bioethanol greenbiorefinery energy efficiency enhancement.