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A Survey of Mycorrhizal Colonization in the 50-ha Korup Forest Dynamic Plot in Cameroon

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第10期5卷 1403-1415页

作者： Eneke Esoeyang Tambe Bechem George Bindeh Chuyong Belinda Tengu Fon Department of Botany and Plant Physiology University of Buea Buea Cameroon

A study was carried out in the 50-ha Korup Forest Dynamic Plot in South West Cameroon, to evaluate the diversity of mycorrhizal associations as well as to determine the effect of habitat types on the type of mycorrhizal association. A total of 781 individual trees belonging to 51 families, 165 genera and 252 tree species, were sampled from the four habitat types found in the plot: low drier, hill slope, ridge top and wetland complexes. In each habitat type, all stems ≤ 1 cm depth at breast height had already been tagged, measured, mapped and identified to the species level. Root samples were collected, cleared, stained and examined microscopically for mycorrhizal type. Of the total number of species sampled, 248 (98.41%) formed mycorrhizal associations with only 4 (1.59%) being non mycorrhizal. For mycorrhizal trees, 232 (93.55%) formed exclusively arbuscular mycorrhiza, 10 (4.03%) formed ectomycorrhiza, while 6 (2.42%) formed both ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza. The ridge top harbored the least number (152) of mycorrhizal trees while the low drier area harbored the most number (266) of mycorrhizal trees. Although habitat effect was not significant in influencing mycorrhizal colonization of tree species, some tree species did show aggregated patterns in particular habitats.

关键词： Korup Forest Dynamic Plot arbuscular Mycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza Cameroon

Potential of Sunflower to Extract Heavy Metals from Leachate

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International Journal of Geosciences 2019年第12期10卷 1115-1127页

作者： Siddharth Marathe Glenn Department of Civil Engineering Clemson University Clemson SC USA

The effectiveness of sunflower to extract harmful heavy metals from landfill leachate using phytoremediation technique was studied in this paper. A case study of Phursungi garbage dump yard located in Phursungi village in Pune, India was taken for this study as the residents have to deal with contaminated water throughout the year which induces diseases like dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, and heavy metal poisoning related diseases. There are various methods in phytoremediation, among which phytoextraction was used for this study. An experiment was carried out to test the removal efficiency of BOD, COD, TS, and heavy metals namely As, Hg and Pb from the soil by sunflowers with and without the addition of Vesicular arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. These fungi were used in soil to accelerate the process of extraction. Leachate diluted with 60% water was supplied such that the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) was more than 15 days (19 days achieved). The values of contaminants were checked for permissible limits according to standards for land disposal of treated leachates given in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW) rules, 2016 and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India. The removal efficiency of Pb from soil was almost the same for plants supplied with VAM (67.92%) and plants without VAM (66.67%). Arsenic (As) removal efficiency was 100% for plants with and without VAM. For mercury (Hg), it was more for plants without VAM (96.29%) than plants with VAM (77.78). Thus, it was concluded that VAM was ineffective. Cd and Cr concentrations in leachate samples were observed to be within the permissible limits. Hence, they were discarded for calculation of removal efficiency.

关键词： Phytoremediation Leachate Heavy Metal Sunflower Vesicular arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungi

Dual inoculation of salt tolerant Bradyrhizobium and Glomus mosseae for improvement of Vigna radiata L. cultivation in saline areas of West Bengal, India

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Agricultural Sciences 2011年第4期2卷 413-423页

作者： Nicky Singh Nirmalendu Samajpati Amal Kanti Paul 不详

This study is aimed as to evaluate the interaction between salt tolerant Bradyrhizobium sp. and Glomus mosseae in the rhizosphere of legume crop Vigna radiata L. under pot culture and field conditions in different saline zones of West Bengal, India. Bradyrhizobium sp. when inoculated alone showed marked increase in number of nodules, root and shoot length, total plant biomass, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization and population etc. when compared with plants inoculated only with AMF. However, when used in combination, the in oculants showed marked change in the above mentioned parameters over single inoculation of both salt tolerant AM fungi and Bradyrhizobium. These results suggest that AMF along with Bradyrhizobium can greatly help in establishment of V. radiata L. cultivation in the saline soils of West Bengal, India. The increased production of the legume crop could also lead to further benefit of the poor farmers by up lifting their socio-economic conditions with the net profit achieved by cultivating this crop in saline stress condition of West Bengal as a second crop during rabi season.

关键词： Vigna radiata L. arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Bradyrhizobium Salinity Glomus mosseae

Poor-Soil Rhizosphere Enriched with Different Microbial Activities Influence the Availability of Base Elements

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Open Journal of Ecology 2017年第8期7卷 495-502页

作者： Faten Dhawi Anna Hess Biotechnology Department King Faisal University Al-Hofuf Al-Ahsa Saudi Arabia Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Division of Ecological and Water Resources Duluth USA

Understanding the ecology of soil rhizosphere is essential to enhancing soil ecosystem and plants productivity. Poor-soil properties can limit rhizosphere microbial composition, interactions and plants productivity. Furthermore, the presence of plant exudates and microbial interation can change the rhizosphere dynamic. In the current study, we used two types of soils, rich nutrient soil represented by potting-soil and poor-soil represented with nutrient-deprived poor-soil. The two types of soil were inoculated with five microbial combinations using plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB, Pseudomonas fluorescens) and mycorrhiza, and planted with two-day-old sorghum bicolor and Setaria italica (Foxtail millet) seedlings. Soil elements analyses were conducted 60 days after planting. The availability of exchangeable base alkali elements (Ca, Mg, Na) were measured and compared. Na was exclusively affected by PGPB inoculation in both soil types. Ca and Mg increased highest when associated with arbuscular inoculation, exclusively, in comparison to association with PGPB or Ectomycorrhiza in both soil types when planted with sorghum. Whereas, the same elements Ca and Mg, increased highest when associated with arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation whether combined with PGPB or ectomycorrhiza when in soil planted with Setaria italica. The mycorrhiza increased Ca and Mg availability when combined with PGPB. Naincrease was associated only with PGPB inoculation solely in both soil types. The use of arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculation combined with PGPB is ecofriendly method to enrich rhizosphere in poor-soil and eliminate the need to use any chemical fertilizers.

关键词： Soil Nutrients Pseudomonas fluorescens Mycorrhiza Ectomycorrhiza arbuscular Mycorrhiza Glomus sp. Elements

The Role of Bio-Fertilization in Improving Fruits Productivity—A Review

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Advances in Microbiology 2014年第15期4卷 1057-1064页

作者： Walid Fediala Abd El-Gleel Mosa Lidia Sas Paszt Nagwa A. Abd EL-Megeed Research Institute of Horticulture Konstytucji 3 Maja Skierniewice Poland Plant Production Department Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha) Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt Nubaria Horticulture Research Station Agriculture Research Center (ARC) Giza Egypt

Biofertilizers consist mainly of beneficial microorganisms that can release nutrients from raw materials and plant residues in the soil and make them available commercially where specific strains are used as biological fertilizers. They become recently, positive alternatives to chemical fertilizers because they help bring down the costs of chemical fertilizers especially N and P and improve soil fertility by maintaining the physical properties of the soil. They may help in improving crop productivity and quality by increasing the biological N fixation, the availability and uptake of nutrients and stimulating the natural hormones. They are safe for humans, animals and environment and using them is accompanied with reducing the pollution occurring in our environment.

关键词： Biofertilizers Fruits Productivity arbuscular Mycorrhiza Compost Humus

Functional Diversity of Mycorrhizal Fungi Has Differential Effects on Salinity Tolerance of <i>Acacia seyal</i>(Del.) Seedlings

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2017年第11期7卷 315-332页

作者： Anicet Manga Aliou Diop Tahir A. Diop Section Productions Végétales et Agronomie UFR des Sciences Agronomiques de l’Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires Université Gaston Berger Saint Louis Sénégal LERSTAD Section Mathématiques UFR de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie Université Gaston Berger Saint Louis Sénégal Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Champignons Département de Biologie Végétale Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal

Acacia seyal is a leguminous plant that plays an important role in the ecosystem of Sahelian zone by producing gum, wood and fodder. The growth of A. seyal is subject to many constraints as salinity which can affect the development of this tree. Therefore, soil microorganisms can help A. seyal to better tolerate the effects of negative environmental stresses. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to the salt tolerance of A. seyal, was evaluated by testing the effects of eight different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates in the performance of A. seyal seedlings subjected to different levels of salinity (0, 340 and 680 mM). The results based on growth parameters of shoot and root parts, shoot mineral N, P, K and Na content as well as survival rates and mycorrhization showed that AMF improved mineral nutrition of A. seyal seedlings during salt stress. The combination between AMF and salinity provided evidence that the efficiency of AMF isolates were variable in improving mineral nutrition and mortality rate for A. seyal seedlings related to the level of salt stress. However, the effects of inoculation were variable depending to the AMF isolate associated with seedlings and the level of salinity, suggesting that interactions between plants and AMF can be modulated by both AMF diversity and the type and level of abiotic factors. Rhizophagus intraradices was more efficient at 680 mM NaCl in plant growth and mineral uptake while Glomus deserticola did not promote a better plant development than most of the other species inoculated to seedlings.

关键词： arbuscular Fungi Salt Stress Symbiotic Efficiency Acacia seyal Leguminous Tree Functional Diversity

Glomalin and Soil Aggregation under Six Management Systems in the Northern Great Plains, USA

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2013年第8期3卷 374-378页

作者： Kristine A. Nichols James Millar Precision Soil Management Redfield USA. USDA-ARS Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory Mandan USA

The soil environment is linked to aboveground management including plant species composition, grazing intensity, levels of soil disturbance, residue management, and the length of time of a living plant is growing. Soil samples were collected under rangeland [native grass, rotational grazing (NGRG);tame grass, heavy grazing (TGRG);and tame grass, rotational grazing (TGHG)] and cropland [conventional till (CT);CT plus manure (CTM);and long term no till (NT)] systems. The rangeland systems were hypothesized to have higher glomalin content [measured as Bradford-reactive soil protein (BRSP)] and water stable aggregation (WSA) than the cropland systems. In addition, within both rangeland and cropland systems, BRSP and WSA were expected to decline with increased disturbance due to grazing or tillage and going from native to introduced plant species. Differences were detected for BRSP with NGRG and CTM having the highest values in range and cropland systems, respectively. However, the CTM system had higher BRSP values than one or both of the tame grass systems while the CT and NT systems had similar values. Correlation analysis showed strong relationships between all of the BRSP values and WSA.

关键词： Glomalin arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Soil Aggregation Grazing Systems Crop Production Systems

Field Application of the Mycorrhizal Fungus <i>Rhizophagus irregularis</i>Increases the Yield of Wheat Crop and Affects Soil Microbial Functionalities

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第19期6卷 3205-3215页

作者： Sanaa Wahbi Yves Prin Tasnime Maghraoui Hervé Sanguin Jean Thioulouse Khalid Oufdou Mohamed Hafidi Robin Duponnois IRD UMR LSTM Montpellier France Laboratoire Ecologie & Environnement (Unité Associée au CNRST URAC 32) Faculté des Sciences Semlalia Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech Maroc CIRAD UMR LSTM Montpellier France Laboratoire de Biologie et de Biotechnologie des Microorganisms Faculté des Sciences Semlalia Université Cadi Ayyad Marrakech Maro Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive Université Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France

The aim of this study was to test the impact of Rhizophagus irregularis, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on durum wheat growth and soil microbial functionalities in a field inoculation trial conducted in Morocco. The results showed that i) the R. irregularis inoculum effectively improved wheat growth, ii) wheat growth promotion depended on the soil mycorrhizal infectivity and iii) functional abilities of soil microflora depended on AMF inoculation. This study confirms that field AMF inoculation can be proposed as an effective agronomic practice in wheat production and as a sustainable cultural practice to manage soil biofunctioning. To fully promote inoculation practices, a better knowledge of AMF ecology has to be acquired to better adapt AMF inoculation to environmental conditions, and thus warrant better yields and agricultural sustainability.

关键词： arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Field-Grown Wheat Mycorrhizal Field Inoculation Nutrient Uptake Microbial Soil Functions

Effect of Seasonal Variation on Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Medicinal Plants in Central Himalayan Region of India

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第5期3卷 618-626页

作者： Supriya Gaur Purshotam Kaushik Department of Botany and Microbiology Gurukul Kangri University Haridwar India

This research paper assesses the effect of seasonal variation on mycorrhizal fungi. Based on the richness of medicinal plants in Himalayan region, this research work considered three medicinal plants i.e. Catharanthus roseus Linn., Ocimum spp. and Asparagus racemosus Willd. The study was conducted at five districts of Uttarakhand state of India viz. Pauri Garhwal, Haridwar, Dehradun, Udham Singh Nagar and Almora. To account for seasonal variations, soil and root samples were collected in months of Jan-Feb, May-June and Sep-Oct from year 2006 to 2008. Furthermore, the study was directed to collect information about the distribution of VAM fungi in the medicinal plants in relation to spore population. This research work evaluated and analyzed the effect of temperature, altitude and seasonal conditions. The undisturbed natural vegetations revealed maximum spore numbers followed by cultivated and non-cultivated regions. Similarly, root colonization by VAM fungi was observed at higher levels in natural vegetations and cultivated sites in comparison to non-cultivated lands. The monthly and seasonal temperature varied and had considerable effect on VAM fungal population. The data obtained in the present study undoubtedly indicate that the sea-sonal variation in VAM fungi is significant with few exceptions. VAM fungi in medicinal plants differ in the manner and extent with which root colonization rate occurs and also differ in their capacity to form propagules. Most of the study reveals that host plant had much more effect on spore population. Number of spores also varied with the growing season of the host plant. During the present study most of the sites showed a general increase in spore number from Sep-Oct to Jan-Feb.

关键词： Vesicular arbuscular Mycorrhiza Medicinal Plants Seasonal Variation Himalaya