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Determination of median effective dose(ED_(50)) of scorpion antivenom against scorpion envenomation using a newly developed formula

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2018年第3期1卷 228-234页

作者： Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan Department of Veterinary Physiology Pharmacology and Biochemistry College of Veterinary Medicine University of AgricultureMakurdi Benue State Nigeria

Background: About 50 species of scorpions cause fatal scorpionism *** of these are members of the Buthidae family, and include, among others,Mesobuthus eupeus, Androctonus crassicauda, Leiurus abdullahbayrami, Leiurus quinquestriatus, Tityus pachyurus and Androctonus australis. Because high doses of scorpion venom and antivenom can cause death and hypersensitive reactions, there is a need to develop a formula that can be used to calculate both lethal and effective doses for scorpion venom and antivenom, respectively, thereby obviating the need for laboratory ***: In view of this, a literature search was carried out with the aim of modifying the formula(LD_(50)=ED_(50)/3× W_a × 10^(-4))for calculation of the median lethal dose(LD_(50)) of scorpion venom and the ED_(50) of antivenom. The human equivalent dose(HED) formula was assessed for extrapolation of LD_(50) and ED_(50) from animals to human for comparison and relevance with the new ***: The findings showed that the newly developed formula(LD_(50)= ED_(50)^(1/3)×W_a× 10^(-4)) yielded results that are very close to the reported values. Therefore, the newly developed and HED formulas can be used for calculation of LD_(50) and ED_(50) values for scorpion venom and antivenom, ***: The new formula yielded better results than the HED formula, confirming its predictive validity, precision, and reliability, thereby obviating the need for rigorous experiments and justifying the principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement(3 Rs).

关键词： antivenom ED50 human equivalent dose LD50 Scorpion venom

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Increased Efficacy of antivenom Combined with Hyperbaric Oxygen on Deinagkistrodon acutus Envenomation in Adult Rats

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Chinese Medical Journal 2018年第3期131卷 323-329页

作者： Mo Li Zhi-Hui Xie An-Yong Yu Dong-Po He Department of Emergency The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College Zunyi Guizhou 563003 China

Background：Snakebites are a neglected threat to global human health with a high morbidity *** present study explored the efficacy of antivenom with hyperbaric oxygen （HBO） intervention on snakebites,which could provide the experimental basis for clinical adjuvant ***：Male Sprague-Dawley rats （n =96） were randomized into four groups：the poison model was established by injecting Deinagkistrodon acutus （***） venom （0.8 LD50） via the caudal vein;the antivenom group was injected immediately with specific antivenom via the caudal vein after successful establishment of the envenomation model;and the antivenom ＋ HBO group was exposed to HBO environment for 1 h once at predetermined periods of 0 h,4 h,12 h,and 23 h after antivenin *** HBO time point had six rats;the control group was left *** rats in the experimental group were euthanized at the corresponding time points after HBO therapy,and brain tissue and blood were harvested *** and eosin （H＆E） staining was used to investigate the pathological changes in the rat *** （IHC）,real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）,and Western blotting were used to detect the expression ofNestin mRNA and protein in the subventricular zone （SVZ） of the *** levels of coagulation function （prothrombin time,activated partial thromboplastin time [APTT],and fibrinogen） and oxidation/antioxidation index （malondialdehyde [MDA] and superoxide dismutase [SOD]） were *** were analyzed using one-way analysis of ***：The brain tissue from rats in the poison model was observed for pathological changes using H＆E *** showed edema,decreased cell number,and disordered arrangement in the SVZ in the snake venom *** antivenom-HBO intervention significantly alleviated these observations and was more prominent in the antivenom ＋ HBO *** serum levels of SOD and MDA in the snake venom group were increased and the antivenom

关键词： Deinagkistrodon acutus Venom antivenom Hyperbaric Oxygenation Nestin Snakebites Subventricular Zone

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Severe Allergic Reaction Following Administration of antivenom Serum for Snakebite: A Case Report from Togo

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Case Reports in Clinical Medicine 2024年第8期13卷 297-303页

作者： Awèréou Kotosso Lidaw Deassoua Bawe Akouda Akessiwe Patassi Lampouguini Nebona Cici Amouzou Esso-Essinam Félix Pissang Bawoubadi Abaltou Gnimdou Tchamdja Magnoudewa Poko Hassimou Bramah Majesté Ihou Wateba Facult des Sciences de la Sant Universit de Lom Lom Togo Department of Infectious Diseases Centre Hospitalier Rgional Lom-Commune Lom Togo Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio Lom Togo Department of General Medicine Centre Mdical des Armes de Sokod Lom Togo

Background: Ophidian envenomation is common in Sub-Saharan Africa, and its management is hampered by the lack of access to healthcare services in rural areas, in particular the availability and appropriate use of antivenom. Rare cases of serious side effects following the administration of antivenom have been reported. This is the case for a young farmer from the central region of Togo, who experienced a second snake bite within four years, and in whom antivenom serotherapy led to severe allergic manifestations. Case presentation: This 24-year-old patient, with a history of antivenom and tetanus serotherapy, was admitted to the Centre Hospitalier Régional (CHR) of Sokodé for a snakebite that occurred 45 minutes earlier while working in the field. Clinical assessment on admission revealed grade 1 envenomation, characterized by local pain in the right upper limb, with no sign of complication. He received an intravenous infusion of antivenom serotherapy, which rapidly relieved the pain, allowing him to be discharged after 24 hours of hospital monitoring. However, he was readmitted five days later for a skin rash associated with generalized pruritus and edema of the face and the neck, which prompted his evacuation to the Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital. He was diagnosed with a hypersensitivity-type allergic reaction to antivenom serum. Symptomatic treatment with antihistamines resulted in a favourable outcome after five days in the hospital. Conclusion: This young farmer developed a severe allergic reaction following a second course of antivenom serotherapy for low-grade ophidian envenomation. Although the efficacy of antivenom serum is undeniable in the management of snakebites, its use should be guided by a sound clinical assessment and framed by rigorous monitoring, especially in people sensitized to antivenom or antitoxin serotherapy. This highlights the importance of training healthcare staff alongside the availability of anti-venomous sera at peripheral healt

关键词： Snakebite antivenom Allergic Reaction Sub-Saharan Africa Togo

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Neutralising effects of small molecule toxin inhibitors on nanofractionated coagulopathic Crotalinae snake venoms

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2020年第10期10卷 1835-1845页

作者： Chunfang Xie Julien Slagboom Laura-Oana Albulescu Govert W.Somsen Freek J.Vonk Nicholas R.Casewell Jeroen Kool Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences Division of BioAnalytical ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam 1081HVThe Netherlands Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam(CASA) Amsterdam 1098 XHThe Netherlands Centre for Snakebite Research and Interventions Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpool L35QAUK Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpool L35QAUK Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden 2333 CRThe Netherlands

Repurposing small molecule drugs and drug candidates is considered as a promising approach to revolutionise the treatment of snakebite *** this study,we investigated the inhibiting effects of the small molecules varespladib(nonspecific phospholipase A2 inhibitor),marimastat(broad spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor)and dimercaprol(metal ion chelator)against coagulopathic toxins found in Crotalinae(pit vipers)snake *** from Bothrops asper,Bothrops jararaca,Calloselasma rhodostoma and Deinagkistrodon acutus were separated by liquid chromatography,followed by nanofractionation and mass spectrometry identification undertaken in *** of the venom toxins were then subjected to a high-throughput coagulation assay in the presence of different concentrations of the small molecules under *** venom toxins were mostly identified as phospholipases A2,while procoagulant venom activities were mainly associated with snake venom metalloproteinases and snake venom serine *** was found to effectively inhibit most anticoagulant venom effects,and also showed some inhibition against procoagulant ***,marimastat and dimercaprol were both effective inhibitors of procoagulant venom activities but showed little inhibitory capability against anticoagulant *** information obtained from this study aids our understanding of the mechanisms of action of toxin inhibitor drug candidates,and highlights their potential as future snakebite treatments.

关键词： Snakebite antivenom Varespladib Marimastat Dimercaprol Chelators Nanofractionation

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Antihaemolytic and snake venom neutralizing effect of some Indian medicinal plants

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第9期4卷 743-747页

作者： Chidambaram Kumarapppan Albert Iaswanth Karpagam Kumarasunderi Department of Life Sciences.International Medical University Kuala LumpurMalaysia Department of Pharmacology Periyar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.Tamilnadn.India

Objective:To validate traditional claims of usefulness of the Indian plants in management of poisonous snakebite and evaluate the antivenom properties displayed bv the alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata（***）,Crutera magna（***）.Gloriosa superba （***） and Hydrocotyle javanica（***）.Methods:These plants were collected, identified and the extracts were prepared bv using conventional Soxhlet ethanol extraction *** venom neutralization activity was accessed in mice（20-25g） and number of mortalities was observed against clinically important snake（Naja nigricollis） *** study also deals with in vitro membrane stabilizing activity of these plants against hyposaline induced human red blood corpuscles（HRBC）.Results:Extracts of *** and *** gave 80%and 90%protection to mice treated with minimum lethal dose of venom(LD99).These two plants showed significant neutralization effect against the venoms of Naja nigricollis venom.H. javanica and ***（25-100 mg/ml.） produced significant changes of membrane stabilization of human red blood cells（HRBC） exposed to hyposaline-induced ***:We conclude that probably due to presence of various phytochemicals plays an important role in the anti-venom potential of these Indian medicinal plants against Naja nigricollis *** above observations confirmed ***,G,*** and *** plant extracts possess potent snake venom neutralizing capacity and could potentially be used as an adjuvants for antivenin therapy in case of snakebite *** against the local effects of cobra venoms.

关键词： antivenom activity Naja nigricollis hemolysis neutralization Indian medicinal plants

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