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Identification of habitat controls on northern red-legged frog populations: implications for habitat conservation on an urbanizing landscape in the Pacific Northwest

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Ecological Processes 2017年第1期6卷 463-475页

作者： Lauren A.Grand Marc P.Hayes Kristiina A.Vogt Daniel J.Vogt Paul R.Yarnold Klaus O.Richter Christopher D.Anderson Elissa C.Ostergaard Jo O.Wilhelm College of Forestry Oregon State University996 Jefferson StEugeneOR 97402USA. Science Division Habitat ProgramWashington Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)600 Capitol Way NorthOlympiaWA 98501-1091USA. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences(SEFS) University of WashingtonBox 352100SeattleWA 98195-2100USA. Optimal Data Analysis LLC6348 N.Milwaukee Ave.#163ChicagoIL 60646USA. 11040104th Ave NE KirklandWA 98033-4423USA. District 12 King CountyWashington Department of Fish and Wildlife(WDFW)Region 416018 Mill Creek BlvdMill CreekWA 98012USA. King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks(DNRP) Water and Land Resources Division(WLRD)King Street Center201 S Jackson St.Suite 600SeattleWA 98104USA.

Introduction: In the Pacific Northwest of North America, research addressing lentic-breeding amphibian populationvulnerability has emphasized aquatic habitats, frequently neglecting terrestrial habitats. Consequently, wetlandprotection and restoration often fails to preserve or restore adjacent uplands required by lentic-breeding *** to the juxtaposition and connectivity of uplands to wetlands could locally extirpate lentic-breedingamphibians. The objective of this research is to identify the relative importance of juxtaposed terrestrial and aquatichabitats in a lentic-breeding amphibian, the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora), by evaluating the relationshipbetween its occurrence and abundance with its aquatic and terrestrial habitats. To accomplish this, egg mass countswere used to quantify R. aurora populations in 30 stillwater habitats across an urbanization gradient. Using aGeographic Information System, seven descriptors of aquatic and surrounding terrestrial habitats were measured toevaluate their relationships to R. aurora occurrence and ***: Rana aurora occurrence and breeding abundance both reflect the forested area around wetland breedingsites and forest connectivity to those sites. Rana aurora breeding abundance also strongly reflects the percent offorested perimeter around wetland breeding sites. The forest habitat most important for R. aurora breeding abundanceseems to be > 200 m from the breeding wetlands. The American bullfrog presence and the two aquatic parametersmeasured, wetland area and vegetated area, were unrelated to R. aurora occurrence and breeding ***: Area and connectivity of juxtaposed forested terrestrial habitat may represent a basic control on R. aurorapresence and population size. Urban development policies should consider preservation and restoration of uplandforest habitats beyond current fixed-width buffers and wetland habitat area at landscape scales.

关键词： Northern red-legged frog amphibian habitat Rana aurora Land use Landscape planning Urban landscapes amphibian population

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Potential Ecotoxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Xenopus laevis

Potential Ecotoxic Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on X...

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作者： Zhan-Fen Qin, Jing-Ming Zhou, Lin Cong, Xiao-Bai Xu The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100085

＜正＞We examined potential ecotoxic effects of PCB3,PCB5, Aroclor1254, and Aroclor 1242 on Xenopus laevis. Tadpoles were exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） from stage 46/47 （system of Nieuwkoop and Faber） to complete metamorphosis. We for the first time demonstrated forelimb-malformations caused by PCBs （malformation rate exceeding 70%）. The malformed forelimbs were fixed in the adduction-backwards rotation position and cannot move. Therefore, malformed male frogs are destined for no offspring because mey cannot grasp the females with forelimbs to mate. Alcian blue-alizarin red double staining indicated that the forelimb malformation resulted from the shoulder abnormality. Compared with the normal shoulder joint, the proximal humerus with the humerus interrotated 90° in the abnormal shoulder joint Moreover, testes of exceeding one-third male frogs with PCBs-exposure exhibited feminization to different degrees in gross morphology and histology, with less or abnormal spermatogonia and occytes. Gonadal abnormalities would directly lead to reproductive dysfunction and population decline. These results suggest that PCBs have potential ecotoxic effects on amphibian populations. We infer that PCBs could play roles in amphibian malformations and population declines, at least in heavy PCBs-polluted sites.

关键词： Polychlorinated biphenyls Xenopus laevis Malformation Gonad amphibian population

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