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Calculation of the Approximate Energy of Ground and Excited Stationary States in Quantum Mechanics Using Delta Method

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2016年第1期4卷 130-139页

作者： Farrin Payandeh Touraj Mohammadpour Department of Physics Payame Noor University (PNU) Tehran Iran

In this paper, pursuing a new advised method called Delta method which is basically similar to variational method, we find the ground and excited states, according to a typical quantum Hamiltonian. Moreover, applying this method, the upper bound values for the eigenenergies of the so-called ground and excited states are estimated. We will show that this new method, is as beneficial as the traditional variational method which is common in deriving eigenenergies of some of the quantum Hamiltonians. This method helps physics students to broaden their knowledge about the possible mathematical ways;they can use to obtain eigenenergies of some quantum Hamiltonians. The advantage of Delta method to variational method is in its simplicity and reduction of the calculation procedures.

关键词： Quantum Mechanics Eigenenergies alternative methods Delta Method

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Cosmetic Safety Evaluation Based on In Vitro Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis(3D-RHE) Models

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China Detergent & Cosmetics 2016年第2期1卷 49-54页

作者： Xue Kong Wendan He Pengju Nie Ying Tang Ding Cao Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Research and Development School of Science BeijingTechnology and Business University China Department of Cosmetics School of Science Beijing Technology and Business University China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology China

Cosmetic safety evaluation employs a series of toxicological tests, on both qualitative and quantitative levels, to assess the potential risks for the daily use of selected cosmetic ingredients and final products. Traditionally, safety evaluation of cosmetics uses animal tests. With the development of in vitro science and the 3R （Reduction, Replacement and Refinement） principle, three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis （3D-RHE） models have been developed and widely applied in cosmetic safety evaluation. Reconstructed human skin models possess anatomy and metabolism biology similar to real human tissue. This paper reviews the current application of 3D-RHE models in the safety evaluation of skin irritation, eye irritation, phototoxicity and genotoxicity potential of cosmetic ingredients/formulas. The advantages and disadvantages of using skin models are also discussed, and comments and suggestions are given for its future development.

关键词： three-dimensional reconstructed human epidermis models cosmetic safety in vitro tests alternative methods

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Development of alternative to Animal Testing on Cosmetics by Middle-out Strategy

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China Detergent & Cosmetics 2016年第4期1卷 32-36页

作者： Shujun Cheng Yu Chen Yihui Ke Xiaoting Qu Yao Qin Jiating Xu Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center China Guangzhou Chn-alt Biotechnology Ltd. China

The discussion on cosmetic animal testing ban started since 1990s, with the fnally implementation of full animal testing ban in both research and marketing in EU and Israel in 2013. Now it has been fully or partially banned by law in 33 countries or regions, with more and more countries lining up to do the same. Beyond animal welfare consideration, the need of mutual acceptance of data （MAD） and harmonization of global market have made non-animal testing an irresistible general trend for worldwide countries to made regulation and policy. Recently, China is in critical crossroad to shift the toxicity paradigm and explore a proper strategy to promote the development of cosmetic non-animal testing. 3R theory has been frstly introduced in Chinese legislation in 2006 that is an important step forward to seriously thinking of animal test. In the following 10 years, the alternative technology in China has been developed dramatically with the implementation of relevant legislations, holding various theoretical and hands-on training, exploration work on methods validation, adoption of internationally recognized methods, propagation of alternative standards and in-depth investigation in in vitro bioscience. The ultimate goal of alternative technology is the regulatory application, thus demands infrastructure constructing, technology capability building and national standard forming. However, concrete works should be carefully planned to facilitate the technology transformation and standardization. This paper will give a retrospective review on the progress in recent years and put forward a middle-out strategy to promote the development of cosmetics alternative in China.

关键词： in vitro alternative methods animal testing cosmetics

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ME-PPD, derivative of PPD, significantly attenuating the skin sensitizing response by studies anchored to the skin sensitization AOP and clinical cross-reaction studies

ME-PPD, derivative of PPD, significantly attenuating the ski...

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中国毒理学会第九次全国毒理学大会

作者： Wenbo Xin Thomas Koch Carsten Goebel Global Product Stewardship Coty

The strong sensitizing potencies of the most important precursors of oxidative hair dyes,p-phenylenediamine（PPD） and p-toluylenediamine（PTD, i.e. 2-methyl-PPD） are well established,which are considered as the key sensitizers in hair dye allergic contact *** the rate of positive PPD patch test results in a large series of dermatitis patients is approximately 6.2% in North America and 4% in both Europe and ***, with the introduction of a methoxymethyl side chain into PPD, 2-methoxymethyl-pphenylenediamine（ME-PPD） was found to deliver excellent hair coloring performance while significantly reducingthe sensitizing potential compared to PPD and PTD. In in vitro studies, ME-PPD showed an attenuated innate immune response when analyzed for its protein reactivity and dendritic cell activation potential. In vivo, the effective concentration of ME-PPD necessary to induce an immune response 3-fold above vehicle control（EC3 value） in the local lymph node assay（LLNA） was 4.3%, indicating a moderate skin sensitizing potency compared to values of 0.1 and 0.17% for PPD and PTD, respectively. In addition, the skin sensitizing induction risk of ME-PPD under consumer hair dye usage conditions was assessed through a quantitative risk assessment（QRA） indicatingthat the risk was negligible compared to PPD or *** there is a substantial rate of cross-elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to other important hair dye molecules（such asPTD） in PPD-allergic patients, the tolerance to ME-PPD was also studied in three patient populations in the USA and in *** 73 PPD-allergic patients were exposed to a hair dye product containing 2% ME-PPD instead of2% PPD for 30 or 45 min on their forearm（simulating hair dye use conditions） no elicitation response was observed in 45（62%）. Among the 28 PPD allergic patients that reacted to both ME-PPD and PPD under these conditions, 24（85%） showed a reduced reaction strength in response to ME-PPD. Hence based on the above s

关键词： hair dye PPD 2-methoxymethyl-p-phenylenediamine(ME-PPD) alternative methods mechanistic study QRA cross-reaction

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