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Flower morphology of allium(Amaryllidaceae)and its systematic significance

Plant Diversity 2024年第1期46卷 3-27页

作者： Ju Eun Jang Shukherdorj Baasanmunkh Nudkhuu Nyamgerel Seung-Yoon Oh Jun-Ho Song Ziyoviddin Yusupov Komijlon Tojibaev Hyeok Jae Choi Department of Biology and Chemistry Changwon National UniversityChangwon51140Republic of Korea Department of Forest Biodiversity and Herbarium Korea National ArboretumPocheon11186Republic of Korea Department of Biology Chungbuk National UniversityCheongju28644Republic of Korea International Joint Lab for Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography Institute of BotanyAcademy of Sciences of UzbekistanTashkent100125Uzbekistan

allium is a complicated genus that includes approximately 1000 species.Although its morphology is well studied,the taxonomic importance of many morphological traits,including floral traits,are poorly understood.Here,we examined and measured the floral characteristics of 87 accessions of 74 allium taxa(belonging to 30 sections and nine subgenera)from Central to Eastern Asian countries.We then examined the taxonomic relationships between select flower characteristics and a phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences.Our results confirm that floral morphology provides key taxonomic information to assess species delimitation in allium.We found that perianth color is an important characteristic within the subg.Melanocrommyum,Polyprason,and Reticulatobulbosa.In subg.allium,Cepa,and Rhizirideum,significant characteristics include ovary shape,perianth shape,and inner tepal apex.For species in subg.Angunium,the key taxonomic character is ovule number(only one ovule in per locule).In the subg.allium,Cepa,Polyprason,and Reticulatobulbosa,which belong to the third evolutionary line of allium,hood-like appendages occur in the ovary,although these do not occur in subg.Rhizirideum.Our results also indicated that the flower morphology of several species in some sections are not clearly distinguished,e.g.,sect.Sacculiferum(subg.Cepa)and sect.Tenuissima(subg.Rhizirideum).This study provides detailed photographs and descriptions of floral characteristics and information on general distributions,habitats,and phenology of the studied taxa.

关键词： allium Flower morphology Pistil character Statistical analysis Significant characteristic Species level

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Integrating high-volume molecular and morphological data into the evolutionary studies of allium

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Plant Diversity 2024年第1期46卷 1-2页

作者： Xing-Jin He Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengdu 610065SichuanPR China

The genus allium(Amaryllidaceae),which includes economically important plants such as onions,garlic,and leeks,is one of the most species-rich and diverse genera of monocotyledon plants in the Northern Hemisphere(Govaerts et al.,2021),with approximately 1000 species.The evolution of allium is characterized by ecological diversification,with most species preferring open.

关键词： species evolutionary allium

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Detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plastic Bottles Using Vertical Cultivation at Various Temperatures

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2024年第6期15卷 656-671页

作者： Karwan Alkaradaghi Tara Ali Nadhir Al-Ansari Polla Khanaqa Jan Laue Department of Civil Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research Sulaimaniyah Iraq

Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.

关键词： Vertical Cultivation allium Bisphenol A Plastic Bottles Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

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Phenolic profile and investigation of biological activities of allium scorodoprasum L.subsp.rotundum

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Food Bioscience 2022年第2期46卷 456-467页

作者： Tu˘gba Demir Ozlem Akpınar Haki Kara Hüseyin Güngor Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of VeterinaryFood Hygiene and TechnologySivasTurkey Tokat Gaziosmanpas¸a University Faculty of Architecture and EngineeringDepartment of Food EngineeringTokatTurkey Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of VeterinaryPharmacology and ToxicologySivasTurkey

In this study,phenolic profile of allium scorodoprasum L.subsp.rotundum and its bioactivity in multiway approach including antioxidant,antimicrobial,antidiabetic,cytotoxic and antiinflamatory activities were investigated.The extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from allium scorodoprasum L.subsp.rotundum was optimized as a function of ethanol percentage,extraction temperature and extraction time by employing a response surface method.The optimal extraction conditions were found as 79℃extraction temperature,28%ethanol and 118 min duration of the extraction.Quercetin was determined as the major phenolic compound of the extract obtained under the optimal conditions and followed by vanillic,caffeic,2,4 hydroxybenzoic and ellagic acid.In addition to high antioxidant capacity,the obtained extract showed antimicrobial activity,against different bacteria and molds.The concentrations of the extract obtained at the optimal conditions that inhibited 50%of Aspergillus oryzae and pancreaticα-amylases andα-glycosidase activities were calculated as 11.56,14.35 and 19.35 mg extract/mL,respectively.The antiinflammatory effect of the obtained extract was also examined,and it was more inhibitory against xanthine oxidase activity than against lipoxygenase activity.The cytotoxicity of the optimized extract was observed against breast and bone cancer cells,and it showed significant cytotoxic activity especially on bone cancer cells.As a result,allium scorodoprasum L.subsp.rotundum could serve as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds for application in food and non-food products.

关键词： allium Phenolic compound Antioxidant Antimicrobial Cytotoxic

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Spatio-temporal evolution of allium L. in the Qinghaie-Tibet-Plateau region: Immigration and in situ radiation

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Plant Diversity 2017年第4期39卷 167-179页

作者： Frank Hauenschild Adrien Favre Jan Schnitzler Ingo Michalak Martin Freiberg Alexandra N. Muellner-Riehl Leipzig University Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium (LZ) Johannisallee 21-23 04103 Leipzig Germany Leipzig University Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Research Johannisallee 21-23 04103 Leipzig Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDly) Halle-lena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany

A plethora of studies investigating the origin and evolution of diverse mountain taxa has assumed a causal link between geological processes(orogenesis) and a biological response(diversification). Yet, a substantial delay(up to 30 Myr) between the start of orogenesis and diversification is often observed.Evolutionary biologists should therefore identify alternative drivers of diversification and maintenance of biodiversity in mountain systems. Using phylogenetic, biogeographic, and diversification rate analyses,we could identify two independent processes that most likely explain the diversity of the widespread genus allium in the Qinghaie-Tibet Plateau(QTP) region:(1) While the QTP-related taxa of the subgenus Melanocrommyum diversified in situ,(2) QTP-related taxa of other subgenera migrated into the QTP from multiple source areas. Furthermore, shifts in diversification rates within allium could not be attributed spatially and temporally to the uplift history of the QTP region. Instead, global cooling and climate oscillations in the Quaternary were major contributors to increased speciation rates in three clades of allium. Our study therefore adds to the growing evidence supporting the "mountain-geo-biodiversity hypothesis", which highlights the role of climate oscillations for the diversification of mountain organisms.

关键词： allium Evolution Hengduan mountains Historical biogeography Molecular dating Qinghaie-Tibet plateau

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Insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of allium sativum

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2012年第5期5卷 391-395页

作者： Balaji Meriga Ramgopal Mopuri T.MuraliKrishna Department of Biochemistry Sri Venkateswara UniversityTirupati-517501.India Department of Entomology Regional Agricultural Research StationTirupatiIndia

Objective:To evaluate the insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bulb extracts of allium sativum(A.sativum).Methods:Dried bulbs of A.sativum were extracted with different solvents and evaluated for insecticidal,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.Results: Aqueous and methanol extracts showed highest insecticidal activity(mortality rate of 81%and 64%respectively) against the larvae of Spodoptera litura(S.litura) at a concentration of 1000 ppm.With regard to antimicrobial activity,aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity against gram positive(Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureu,) and gram negative(Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia) strains and antifungal activity against Candida albicans.While methanol extract showed antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro organisms except two(Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans),the extracts of hexane,chloroform and ethyl acetate did not show any anti microbial activity.Minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous and methanol extracts against tested bacterial and fungal strains was 100-150μg/mL. Antioxidant activity of the bulb extracts was evaluated in terms of inhibition of free radicals by 2.2’-diphenly-l-picrylhydrazyl.Aqueous and methanol extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity(80%-90%of the standard).Conclusions:Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of A.sativum against the tested organisms therefore,provides scientific basis for its utilization in traditional and folk medicine.Also,our results demonstrated the insecticidal efficacy of A. sativum against S.litura,a polyphagous insect.

关键词： allium sativum Insecticidal activity Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant property

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ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEOLUS AND REPLICATION SITES OF RIBOSOMAL DNA IN allium cepa

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Science China Chemistry 1991年第3期34卷 281-289页

作者：郝水焦明大邢苗 Department of Biology Northeast Normal University

Our conventional EM observations indicate that the nucleolus of allium cepa is composedof the fibrillar centre (FC), fibrillar component (F) and granular region (G). FC is an elec-tron-lucid zone which contains condensed or loosened chromatin. F is a circular, highly elec-tron-dense component which surrounds FC and consists of compact fibrils. EM autoradiographic(EM ARG) studies with ~3H- UdR reveal that the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) takesplace in F. G is situated around F and composed of granules about 25 to 30 nm in diameter.EM ARG studies with ~3H- TdR demonstrate that silver grains are predominantly located in Gof the nucleolar periphery and the region of the nucleolus-associated chromatin. In addition,~3H- TdR labels are also present, but with a much lower frequency, in FC. F and G of the nu-cleolar interior. According to the distribution and sphere of silver grains in different compo-nents of the nucleolus, we suggest that the replication sites of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) aremainly located

关键词： nucleolus replication sites rDNA allium cepa

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Ultrastructural localization of active genes in allium cepa cells

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2001年第11期46卷 925-930页

作者： TAO Wei HE Mengyuan HAO Shui Institute of Genetics and Cytology Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun 130024China Department of Cell Biology College of Life SciencesPeking University 100871China

By using the anti-RNA/DNA hybrid antibody as the probe, we labeled and analyzed the precise transcrip-tional sites of active genes in allium cepa cells in situ. The results showed that the location of labeled signals appeared in mitochondrion was the same as that in chloroplast, generally concentrated at the central matrix space where there were no cristae and thylakoids. In the extranucleolar regions of nucleus, the labeled signals of transcriptional sites were situated at the perichromatin fibrils, which decondensed and stretched out from the chromosome territories. Our results also displayed the concentrations of labeled signals in a certain region of nucleus, and this means that the gene transcription rich region actually existed in allium cepa cells. In nucleolus, the synthetic sites of rRNA were localized not only to the periphery of fibrillar centers but also to the DFC near FC.

关键词： allium cepa chromosome territories nucleolus extranu- cleolar region of nuclei active gene transcription.

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Antibacterial effect of allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第8期2卷 597-601页

作者： Ponmurugan Karuppiah Shyamkumar Rajaram Department of Microbiology K.S.Rangasamy College of Arts and Science Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies Department of Botany and MicrobiologyCollege of ScienceKing Saud University

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial properties ot allium sativum(garlic) cloves and Zingiber officinale(ginger) rhizomes against multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens causing nosocomial infection.Methods:The cloves of garlic and rhizomes of ginger were extracted with 95%(v/v) ethanol.The ethanolic extracts were subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against clinical pathogens.Results:Anti-bacterial potentials of the extracts of two crude garlic cloves and ginger rhizomes were tested against five gram negative and two gram positive multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates.All the bacterial isolates were susceptible to crude extracts of both plants extracts.Except Enterobacter sp.and Klebsiella sp.,all other isolates were susceptible when subjected to ethanolic extracts of garlic and ginger.The highest inhibition zone was observed with garlic(19.4S mm) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa).The minimal inhibitory concentration was as low as 67.00 μg/mL against P.aeruginosa.Conclusions:Natural spices of garlic and ginger possess effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

关键词： Garlic Ginger Multi-drug resistant Multiple antibiotic resistance Antibacterial activity allium sativum Zingiber officinale

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Configuration of nucleolar DNA in situ in nucleolus of allium cepa cells

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2001年第1期46卷 62-66页

作者： TAO Wei HE Jie JIAO Mingda HE Mengyuan HAO Shui Department of Cell Biology College of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Genetics and Cytology Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun 130024China

The location and configuration of nucleolar DNA have not been determined for a long time. In this paper, we have observed the nucleolar infrastructure and the character of nucleolar DNA in allium cepa cells by conventional electron microscopy and the cytochemical NAMA-Ur DNA specific staining method. Furthermore, we have properly improved the NAMA-Ur method so as to analyze the location and configuration of nucleolar DNA in situ. Our results indicated that the nucleolar DNA in allium cepa cells is mainly located at the border between fibrillar centers and dense fibribllar component, especially distributed in the configuration of encircling the fibrillar centers.

关键词： nucleolus NAMA-Ur method configuration of nucleo-lar DNA allium cepa.

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