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Determinants of alcohol drinking and its association with sexual practices among high school students in addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Cross sectional study

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Open Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013年第6期3卷 420-427页

作者： Dawit Teshome Teferi Gedif Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy School of Pharmacy College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Introduction: Alcohol drinking and risky sexual practices have become serious public health problem among teenagers and young adults globally, including many developing countries. The available reports are sparse, especially there is a lack of recent and representative data for high school students in developing countries including Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence, identify determinants, and examine the association of alcohol drinking with sexual practices among high school students in addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia. Methods: School based cross sectional study was conducted from November to December 2010. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between students’ background characteristics and alcohol use, and alcohol use and sexual practices. Results: Among 2551 students surveyed, lifetime and current (past month) alcohol drinking was reported by 1166 (45.7%) and 676 (26.5%) students, respectively. Having sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime was reported by 412 (16.2%) with151 (5.9%) of them being sexually active during a month prior to the survey. Having multiple sexual partners (52.5%), drinking alcohol before sexual intercourse (26.4%), and having sexual intercourse without the use of condom (47.3%) were also common among sexually active students. In adjusted logistic regression model, age (18 and 19 and older), living with 2 parents, getting pocket money, having alcohol drinking friends and attending general secondary school (grade 9-10) were positive predictors of current alcohol drinking. Nergative predictors of current alcohol drinking were being Protestant Christian and living with relatives or siblings. Conclusion: Alcohol drinking before sexual intercourse was a major problem among high school students in addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Male gender, older age and higher school grade, friends influence, religious affiliation, living with parents and getting pocket money were s

关键词： Alcohol Sexual Practice High School addis Ababa Ethiopia

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Accuracy of Physicians in Diagnosing HIV and AIDS-Related Death in the Adult Population of addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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World Journal of AIDS 2012年第2期2卷 89-96页

作者： Tekebash Araya Biruk Tensou Gail Davey Yemane Berhane addis Ababa Mortality Surveillance Program (AAMSP) Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia addis Ababa Mortality Surveillance Program (AAMSP) Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia addis Continental Institute of Public Health Addis Ababa Ethiopia School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Brighton & Sussex Medical School Falmer Campus University of Sussex Brighton UK

Background: The lack of cause of death information is the main challenge in monitoring the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in countries where the majority of deaths occur at home. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of physician reviewers of verbal autopsies in diagnosing HIV and AIDS-related deaths in the adult population of addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Methods: This study was done within the context of a burial surveillance system in addis Ababa. Trained interviewers completed a standard verbal autopsy questionnaire and an independent panel of physicians reviewed the completed form to assign cause of death. Physicians' review was compared to a reference standard constructed based on prospectively collected HIV-serostatus and patients' hospital record. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated to validate the physicians' verbal autopsy diagnoses against reference standards. Results: Physicians accurately identified AIDS-related deaths with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80 - 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.64 - 0.87), respectively. Generally, there was high level of agreement (Cohen's Kappa Statistic (K > 0.6) between the first two physicians with some yearly variations. In 2008 and 2009 there was an almost perfect agreement (K > 0.80). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the agreement level between two independent physicians in diagnosing AIDS-related death is very high and thus using a single verbal autopsy coder is practical for programmatic purposes in countries where there is critical shortage of doctors.

关键词： Physician Accuracy HIV-Serostatus Verbal Autopsy Diagnosis HIV and AIDS-Related Death Burial Surveillance Cemetery addis Ababa Ethiopia

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Low-Cost Stormwater Filtration System to Improve Urban Water Quality: The Case of addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第6期9卷 692-705页

作者： Dagnachew Adugna Larissa Larsen Brook Lemma Geremew Sahilu Ethiopian institute of Architecture Building Construction and City Development Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA College of Natural Science Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Institute of Water Resources Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Urbanization in developing countries often negatively impacts water re-sources by polluting surface waters. addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is currently experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by significant water shortages, unmanaged stormwater, and increasing river water pollution. To supplement the need for non-potable water and address stormwater runoff pollution, we constructed a low cost stormwater filtration system. The filtration system is comprised of a sedimentation area followed by three gravel grain sizes arranged horizontally from coarse to medium to fine filter media. We compared the quality of pretreatment water with post-treatment water by measuring physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and nutrients. We found that the filtration system reduced turbidity by 87%, TSS by 80%, Cu by 87% and Zn by 90%. Further, it positively increased the concentration of DO by 42%. However, the filtration system did not remove nitrates and nitrites. Implementing this system at outfalls in the rapidly expanding condominium housing areas can increase residents’ supply of non-potable water and reduce the amount of polluted stormwater entering nearby streams and rivers.