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The impact of water quality on the formation of halogenated benzoquinones and the adsorption efficiency by Activated carbon

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 693-702页

作者： Yongjing Wang Song Gao Xinyu Yan Songtao Wang Ruolin Zhang Yan Zhou Lianhai Ren Cheng Li State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control Beijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijing 100048China Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China Beijing 100038China Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing 100097China Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry Beijing Technology and Business UniversityBeijing 100048China

Halogenated benzoquinones(HBQs)could cause bladder cancer,but there were few related studies on the generation and control.In this study,the impact of different precursors,pH,bromide concentration,and algae-derived organic matters on the formation of HBQs and the removal efficiency by Activated carbon were investigated.It was found that the chlorination of bisphenol A produced the most 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DCBQ),reaching 14.86μg/L at 1 hr,followed by tyrosine,2-chlorophenol,P-hydroxybenzoic acid,trichlorophenol,and N-methylaniline.The production of 2,6-DCBQ increased first and then decreased from 0 to 36 hr(chlorination doses 0-20 mg/L),indicating that HBQs were unstable in water.Trihalomethanes(THMs)were detected during chlorination,and the concentration increased with prolongation of reaction time.2,6-DCBQ production decreased and 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone(2,6-DBBQ)production increased with increment bromide concentration and the bromide promoted the formation of tribromomethane.The production of 2,6-DCBQ decreased with increase of pH,and the maximum production was 141.38μg/L at pH of 5.Microcystis aeruginosa,Chlorella algae cells,and intracellular organic matters(IOM)could be chlorinated as potential precursors for HBQs.The most amount of 2,6-DCBQ was generated from algae cells of Microcystis aeruginosa,followed by Chlorella algae cells,Microcystis aeruginosa IOM,and Chlorella IOM.This study compared the removal efficiency of HBQs by granular Activated carbon(GAC)and columnar Activated carbon(CAC)under different carbon doses and initial concentrations of HBQs.It was found that the removal efficiency by GAC(80.1%)was higher than that by CAC(51.8%),indicating that GAC has better control for HBQs.

关键词： HBQS DBPS Drinking water Algae derived organic matters Activated carbon

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High adsorption selectivity of Activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve boosting CO_(2)/N_(2) and CH_(4)/N_(2) separation

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第3期67卷 282-297页

作者： Siang Chen Wenling Wu Zhaoyang Niu Deqi Kong Wenbin Li Zhongli Tang Donghui Zhang The Research Center of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

Flue gas and coal bed methane are two important sources of greenhouse gases.Pressure swing adsorption process has a wide range of application in the field of gas separation,and the selection of adsorbent is crucial.In this regard,in order to assess the better adsorbent for separating CO_(2) from flue gas and CH_(4) from coal bed methane,adsorption isotherms of CO_(2),CH_(4) and N_(2) on Activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve are measured at 303.15,318.15 and 333.15 K,and up to 250 kPa.The experimental data fit better with Langmuir 2 compared to Langmuir 3 and Langmuir-Freundlich models,and Clausius-Clapeyron equation was used to calculate the isosteric heat.Both the order of the adsorbed amount and the adsorption heat on the two adsorbents are CO_(2)>CH_(4)>N_(2).The adsorption kinetics are calculated by the pseudo-first kinetic model,and the order of adsorption rates on Activated carbon is N_(2)-CH_(4)>CO_(2),while on carbon molecular sieve,it is CO_(2)-N_(2)>CH_(4).It is shown that relative molecular mass and adsorption heat are the primary effect on kinetics for Activated carbon,while kinetic diameter is the main resistance factor for carbon molecular sieve.Moreover,the adsorption selectivity of CH_(4)/N_(2) and CO_(2)/N_(2) were estimated with the ideal adsorption solution theory,and carbon molecular sieve performed best at 318.15 K for both CO_(2) and CH_(4) separation.The study suggested that Activated carbon is a better choice for separating flue gas and carbon molecular sieve can be a strong candidate for separating coal bed methane.

关键词： Activated carbon carbon molecular sieve Adsorbent evaluation Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics Heat of adsorption Selectivity

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Thermal pretreatment of willow branches impacts yield and pore development of Activated carbon in subsequent activation with ZnCl2 via modifying cellulose structure

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CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2024年第5期69卷 227-237页

作者： Kong, Linghui Li, Chao Sun, Runxing Zhang, Shu Wang, Yi Xiang, Jun Hu, Song Wang, Dong Leng, Chuanjun Hu, Xun Univ Jinan Sch Mat Sci & Engn Jinan 250022 Peoples R China Nanjing Forestry Univ Coll Mat Sci & Engn Joint Int Res Lab Biomass Energy & Mat Nanjing 210037 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol State Key Lab Coal Combust Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Shandong BASAN Graphite New Mat Plant Zibo 255311 Peoples R China

Development of pore structures of Activated carbon (AC) from activation of biomass with ZnCl2 relies on content and structure of cellulose/hemicellulose in the feedstock. Thermal pretreatment of biomass could induce dehydration and/or aromatization to change the structure of cellulose/hemicellulose. This might interfere with evolution of structures of AC, which was investigated herein via thermal pretreatment of willow branch (WB) from 200 to 360 degrees C and the subsequent activation with ZnCl2 at 550 degrees C. The results showed that thermal pretreatment at 360 degrees C (WB-360) could lead to substantial pyrolysis to form biochar, with a yield of 31.9%, accompanying with nearly complete destruction of cellulose crystals and remarkably enhanced aromatic degree. However, cellulose residual in WB-360 could still be activated to form AC -360 with speci fic surface area of 1837.9 m(2).g(-1), which was lower than that in AC from activation of untreated WB (AC-blank, 2077.8 m(2).g(-1)). Nonetheless, the AC-200 from activation of WB20 0 had more developed pores (2113.9 m(2).g(-1)) and superior capability for adsorption of phenol, due to increased permeability of ZnCl2 to the largely intact cellulose structure in WB-20 0. The thermal pretreatment did increase diameters of micropores of AC but reduced the overall yield of AC (26.8% for ACblank versus 18.0% for AC -360), resulting from accelerated cracking but reduced intensity of condensation. In-situ infrared characterization of the activation showed that ZnCl2 mainly catalyzed dehydration, dehydrogenation, condensation, and aromatization but not cracking, suppressing the formation of derivatives of cellulose and lignin in bio-oil. The thermal pretreatment formed phenolic -OH and C=O with higher chemical innerness, which changed the reaction network in activation, shifting morphology of fibrous structures in AC-blank to "melting surface " in AC-200 or AC-280. (c) 2024 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press Co., Ltd. All ri

关键词： Thermal pretreatment Activation with ZnCl2 Willow branch Activated carbon Biochar PYROLYSIS BIOMASS HEMICELLULOSE BIOCHAR STALK ACID

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Ultra-high specific surface area Activated carbon from Taihu cyanobacteria via KOH activation for enhanced methylene blue adsorption

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第3期67卷 106-116页

作者： Yifang Mi Wenqiang Wang Sen Zhang Yalong Guo Yufeng Zhao Guojin Sun Zhihai Cao Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing&Finishing of Textiles Ministry of EducationZhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing&FinishingZhejiang Sci-Tech UniversityHangzhou 310018China Key Laboratory for Technology in Rural Water Management of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric PowerHangzhou 310018China

Cyanobacteria-based Activated carbon(CBAC)was successfully prepared by pyrolysis-activation of Taihu cyanobacteria.When the impregnation ratio and activated temperature were 2 and 800-C,respectively,the optimal CBACs possessed an ultra-high specific surface(2178.90 m^(2)·g^(-1))and plenty of micro-and meso-pores,as well as a high pore volume(1.01 cm^(3)·g^(-1)).Ascribed to ultra-high surface area,π-π interaction,electrostatic interaction,as well as hydrogen-bonding interactions,the CBACs displayed huge superiority in efficient dye removal.The saturated methylene blue adsorption capacity by CBACs could be as high as 1143.4 mg·g^(-1),superior to that of other reported biomass-Activated carbons.The adsorption was endothermic and modeled well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic,intra-particle diffusion,and Langmuir models.This work presented the effectiveness of Taihu cyanobacteria adsorbent ascribed to its super large specific surface area and high adsorption ability.

关键词： Activated carbon Biomass Dye adsorption Taihu cyanobacteria

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Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetic Study of Methane on Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Activated carbon

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Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 2023年第1期8卷 66-77页

作者： Mohd Saufi Md Zaini Muhammad Arshad Syed Shatir A.Syed-Hassan School of Chemical Engineering College of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan TerengganuKampus Bukit BesiDungun 23200Malaysia Department of Basic Science Jhang-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal ScienceLahore 35200Pakistan School of Chemical Engineering College of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi MARAShah Alam 40450Malaysia

Activated carbon(AC)was synthesized from palm kernel shell(PKS)using different activating agents,i.e.,steam,carbon dioxide(CO 2),and CO 2-steam,in order to analyze the impact of acti-vating agents on the pore opening of AC.In this study,AC produced from PKS was found to have great potential as an adsorbent for methane storage.The different molecular diffusivity and reac-tivity of the combination of CO 2 and steam succeeded in producing AC with the highest burn-offof 78.57%,a surface area of 869.82 m 2/g,a total pore volume of 0.47 cm 3/g,and leading to maximum methane gas adsorption capacity of 4.500 mol/kg.All types of ACs exhibited the best fit with the Freundlich isotherm model,with the correlation coefficient(R 2)ranging from 0.997 to 0.999,indicating the formation of multilayer adsorption.In addition,the adsorption kinetic data for all ACs followed the pseudo-first-order model showing that the rate of adsorption was dependent on both the adsorbent and the adsorbate and was governed primarily by physical ad-sorption between the pore surface and methane gas.The results of intraparticle diffusion model indicated that the adsorption of methane was affected by both pore diffusion and exterior layer diffusion due to the different adsorption rates.

关键词： Palm kernel shell Activated carbon Methane adsorption Kinetic model Isotherm model

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Pore-structure regulation and heteroatom doping of Activated carbon for supercapacitors with excellent rate performance and power density

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2023年第3期5卷 417-426页

作者： Jian Zhang Huachao Yang Zhesong Huang HuiHui Zhang Xinchao Lu Jianhua Yan Kefa Cen Zheng Bo State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Institute for Thermal Power EngineeringCollege of Energy EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027ZhejiangChina

Activated carbon(AC)has attracted tremendous research interest as an electrode material for supercapacitors owing to its high specific surface area,high porosity,and low cost.However,AC-based supercapacitors suffer from limited rate performance and low power density,which mainly arise from their inherently low electrical conductivity and sluggish ion dynamics in the micropores.Here,we propose a simple yet effective strategy to address the aforementioned issue by nitrogen/fluorine doping and enlarging the micropore size.During the treatment,the decomposition products of NH4F react with the carbon atoms to dope the AC with nitrogen/fluorine and simultaneously enlarge the pores by etching.The treated AC shows a higher specific surface area of 1826 m2 g^(−1)(by~15%),more micropores with a diameter around 0.93 nm(by~33%),better wettability(contact angle decreased from 120°to 45°),and excellent electrical conductivity(96 S m^(−1))compared with untreated AC(39 S m^(−1)).The as-fabricated supercapacitors demonstrate excellent specific capacitance(26 F g^(−1)at 1 A g^(−1)),significantly reduced electrical resistance(by~50%),and improved rate performance(from 46.21 to 64.39%at current densities of 1 to 20 A g^(−1)).Moreover,the treated AC-based supercapacitor achieves a maximum energy density of 25 Wh kg^(−1)at 1000 W kg^(−1)and a maximum power density of 10,875 W kg^(−1)at 15 Wh kg^(−1),which clearly outperforms pristine AC-based supercapacitors.This synergistic treatment strategy provides an effective way to improve the rate performance and power density of AC-based supercapacitors.

关键词： Activated carbon Heteroatom doping Pore-size modification Rate performance Supercapacitors

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Preparation of Activated carbon from sunflower straw through H_(3)PO_(4) activation and its application for acid fuchsin dye adsorption

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Water Science and Engineering 2023年第2期16卷 192-202页

作者： Wen-de Zhao Li-ping Chen Yan Jiao College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Inner Mongolia Normal UniversityHohhot 010022China Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry Hohhot 010022China

With the development circular economy, the use of agricultural waste to prepare biomass materials to remove pollutants has become a research hotspot. In this study, sunflower straw Activated carbon (SSAC) was prepared by the one-step activation method, with sunflower straw (SS) used as the raw material and H3PO4 used as the activator. Four types of SSAC were prepared with impregnation ratios (weight of SS to weight of H3PO4) of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:5, corresponding to SSAC1, SSAC2, SSAC3, and SSAC4, respectively. The adsorption process of acid fuchsin (AF) in water using the four types of SSAC was studied. The results showed that the impregnation ratio significantly affected the structure of the materials. The increase in the impregnation ratio increased the specific surface area and pore volume of SSAC and improved the adsorption capacity of AF. However, an impregnation ratio that was too large led to a decrease in specific surface area. SSAC3, with an impregnation ratio of 1:3, had the largest specific surface area (1 794.01 m2/g), and SSAC4, with an impregnation ratio of 1:5, exhibited the smallest microporosity (0.052 7 cm3/g) and the largest pore volume (2.549 cm3/g). The adsorption kinetics of AF using the four types of SSAC agreed with the quasi-second-order adsorption kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm model was suitable to describe SSAC3 and SSAC4, and the Freundlich isotherm model was appropriate to describe SSAC1 and SSAC2. The result of thermodynamics showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. At 303 K, SSAC4 showed a removal rate of 97.73% for 200-mg/L AF with a maximum adsorption capacity of 2 763.36 mg/g, the highest among the four types of SSAC. This study showed that SAAC prepared by the H3PO4-based one-step activation method is a green and efficient carbon material and has significant application potential for the treatment of dye-containing wastewater.

关键词： Acid fuchsin Activated carbon Adsorption Sunflower straw Phosphoric acid activation Impregnation ratio

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Process analysis of temperature swing adsorption and temperature vacuum swing adsorption in VOCs recovery from Activated carbon

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2023年第1期53卷 346-360页

作者： Yadong Li Yuanhui Shen Zhaoyang Niu Junpeng Tian Donghui Zhang Zhongli Tang Wenbin Li Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering The Research Center of Chemical EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

In order to better guide the design of industrial process for purification and recovery of VOCs,temperature swing adsorption(TSA)and temperature vacuum swing adsorption(TVSA)process for VOCs purification and recovery were studied systematically with Activated carbon adsorbent.The adsorption and desorption behaviors of benzene on Activated carbon in above two processes were investigated systematically.Effects of operating parameters on process performances were further analyzed,including as regeneration temperature,purging feed ratio and hot–cold purging ratio.The results showed that the increase of hot–cold purging ratio(HP/CP)could obtain the same regeneration effect as the increase of desorption temperature.Increasing the feed purge ratio without increasing the hot–cold purging ratio is not conducive to bed regeneration,because a large number of cold purge gases cannot utilize the residual heat of temperature wave,thus reducing the desorption effect of the cooling step on the bed.In addition,the vacuum step can enhance the regeneration ability of hot nitrogen to the bed at the same regeneration temperature,making the bed regeneration of TVSA process more thorough.Temperature in the middle and lower part of the bed in TVSA process was higher and the regeneration was more thorough.In conclusion,TVSA has more obvious advantages than TSA in terms of energy consumption,hot or cold purge volume and bed regeneration.

关键词： VOCs TSA TVSA Activated carbon Benzene

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Catalytic action of rare earth oxide(La_(2)O_(3),CeO_(2),Pr_(6)O_(11))on electrochemical oxidation of Activated carbon in molten KOH-NaOH

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Journal of Rare Earths 2022年第7期40卷 1083-1090页

作者： Xiaofeng Li Yuanxing Dong Xiaohui Liu Lijun Li Yanfang Gao Zhenzhu Cao Jinrong Liu College of Chemical Engineering Inner Mongolia University of TechnologyHohhot 010051China

The oxidation of anode carbon fuel directly affects the electrochemical performance of molten hydroxide direct carbon fuel cell(MHDCFC).In general,the anode carbon fuel can be oxidized at high temperature,thus the direct carbon fuel cell(DCFC)can show great electrochemical performance.In this study,rare earth oxides(La_(2)O_(3),CeO_(2),Pr_(6)O_(11))were prepared by the method of precipitation.Activated carbon was prepared by pretreatment of lignite.Rare earth oxides and Activated carbon were mixed as anode carbon fuel,and rare earth oxides were used to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of anode carbon fuel.The results show that CeO_(2)has better electrocatalytic activity compared with La_(2)O_(3)and Pr_(6)O_(11) in the MHDCFC.The electrochemical test results show that the current density(at 0.4 V)increases from 81.02 to 112.90 mA/cm^(2)and the maximum power density increases from 34.78 to 47.05 mW/cm^(2)at 450℃,when the mass fraction of CeO_(2)is increased from 0 to 40%.When the mass fraction of CeO_(2)is 30%,the current density(82.55 mA/cm^(2)at 0.4 V)at 400℃is higher than that(81.02 mA/cm^(2)at 0.4 V)without CeO_(2)at 450℃.The electrochemical oxidation mechanism of CeO_(2)catalyzed anode carbon fuel is discussed.

关键词： Rare earth oxide Catalysis Activated carbon Electrochemical oxidation Molten hydroxide direct carbon fuel cell

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Integration of preparation of K,Na-embedded Activated carbon and reduction of Zn-bearing dusts

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2022年第3期32卷 627-636页

作者： Dingzheng Wang Deqing Zhu Jian Pan Zhengqi Guo Congcong Yang Hongyu Tian Yuxiao Xue School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China

Large amounts of solid wastes and flue gases are generated in iron and steel production process,probably leading to serious environmental pollution without duly handle.An innovative and green process of simultaneous reduction of zinc-bearing dusts and activation of low-rank coal was developed and its mechanism was clarified in this paper.Under the optimal conditions,the reduced zinc-bearing dusts containing low harmful elements(0.02%Zn,0.015%K and 0.03%Na)could be made as high-quality burden for blast furnace while the low-rank coal was transferred into K,Na-embedded Activated carbon,which can be used as effective adsorbent for purification of SO_(2) and NO-containing flue gases.The solid wastes were successfully utilized to treat the flue gases through the process.The synergetic activation and reduction mechanism in the process was revealed.The coupling effect between reduction reactions of metal oxides in the dusts and activation reaction of carbon in the coal promoted the simultaneous reduction and activation process.In the meanwhile,part of the potassium and sodium from the zinc-bearing dusts could be adsorbed by the Activated carbon and played a catalytic role in the activation process.

关键词： Zinc-bearing dusts Reduction Activated carbon Activation mechanism Adsorption

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