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Diverting agents in the oil and gas industry:A comprehensive analysis of their origins,types,and applications

Petroleum Research 2024年第1期9卷 72-84页

作者： Namrata Bist Abhishek Nair Kriti Yadav Anirbid Sircar Pandit Deendayal Energy University GandhinagarGujarat382007India Department of Geology Patna UniversityAshok RajpathPatna800005India

During the life of a well,treatments are carried out to boost productivity by stimulating initially unproduced zones.These treatments include hydraulic fracturing,matrix acidization,and acid fracturing,among others.Hydraulic fracturing treatment is generally applied to deeper reservoirs of oil or natural gas for enhanced recovery.By infusing proppant,water,and chemicals under extreme pressure during the fracturing procedure,fissures in and beneath the reservoir layer can be accessed and expanded.Another stimulating procedure,matrix acidization,involves injecting acid down the drilling hole to permeate the rock fissures at stresses lower than the fracture stress.In addition,carbonate reservoir acid fracturing stimulation is commonly used as an acid treatment technique whereby a pressure greater than the formation disintegration pressure or spontaneous fracture closure pressure is used to compress acid into the reservoir.These treatments allow existing wells to sustain hydrocarbon production without new wells being drilled.Diverters,when employed efficiently,can prevent the need to use a rig to provide momentary physical barriers,thus lowering the cost of the workover.Recent improvements in diversion technology make use of a variety of degradable particles that act as momentary bridges,either at the perforation entries or inside the existing fractures.The aim of this study is to introduce different types of mechanical and chemical diverters used to enhance the productivity of wells.This study explains the concepts of different types of diverters and their applications in several formations,it will also help readers to understand the selection procedures based on the suitability and requirements of diverter use by case studies from around the world.

关键词： Refracturing Well treatment Chemical diverter Mechanical diverter acid fracturing

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The Influence of acid on the RockMechanical Characteristics of Deep Shale in theWujiaping Formation

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Energy Engineering 2024年第1期121卷 27-42页

作者： Hao Zhang Yan Zhang Wei Liu Ximin Zhang Xiang Liu School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100China Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute Jianghan Oilfield Branch of SinopecWuhan430035China Drilling Technology Research Institute Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Service CorporationDeyang618000China

The microscopic characteristics and mechanical properties of rocks change after the action of acid on deep shale,which affects the fracturing effect.Accordingly,we designed and conducted indoor experiments related to the changes in macro and microscopic characteristics after the interaction of acid with the shale of Wujiaping Formation,based on which the characteristic law of fracture volume modification after acid fracturing was studied using numerical simulation.The results demonstrate that the pores and fractures are enlarged and the structure is significantly loosened after the acid immersion.And a 15%concentration of hydrochloric acid can effectively dissolve shale.Furthermore,the degree of acid-etching reaction is highly variable because of the different carbonate content,which reveals the strong inhomogeneity of the shale system in the Wujiaping Group reservoir section.After the acid interacted with the shale rock samples,the triaxial compressive strength,elastic modulus,and Poisson’s ratio of shale decreased.Moreover,the evaluation of the effect after acid fracturing simulated by fracturing software revealed that the smaller the value of elastic modulus in shale-based reservoirs,the more favorable the fracture volume modification.This discovery not only provides a theoretical basis for the expansion and extension patterns of acid-fracturing in carbonaceous shale formations but also offers research methods and theoretical insights for the fundamental exploration of other deep-seated oil and gas resources.

关键词： Shale acid fracturing macro characteristics microscopic characteristics mechanical properties

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Optimization of acid fracturing for a tight carbonate reservoir

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Petroleum 2020年第1期6卷 70-79页

作者： Aymen Al-Ameri Talal Gamadi Bob L.Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas Tech University2500 BroadwayLubbockTX79409USA

In this study,acid fracturing treatments were simulated for a tight limestone reservoir within a shale formation using FRACPRO software.The purpose was to investigate the optimum acid fracturing design that leads to a higher fracture etched length and width,and higher fracture conductivity.Moreover,the impact of the rock-acid contact time and whether to consider a post-flush or fluids flowback,on the acid fracturing outcomes were also investigated.A simple geological model was constructed which consists of different lithological layers.Different acid fracturing design scenarios were considered starting from a single stage of acid injection to multi-stage treatment.In multi-stage acid treatment,alternate acid-slickwater injection was considered.Plain HCl acids with different concentrations and other acids that are already included in FRACPRO database were used.The results showed that the acid loss during post-flush is among the main problems of the acid fracturing in tight carbonate shale reservoir.For the single stage of acid injection,it is recommended to flow back the acid after well shut-in instead of considering a post-flush stage.The multi-stage alternate acid slickwater injection reduces or even eliminated the acid loss.However,it is recommended to inject a slickwater before well shut-in to reduce the rock-acid contact time,thus reducing the formation damage.The results also showed that the created fracture etched width decreases and the fracture etched length increases as the fracturing stages increase.In this study,because of the low carbonate layer permeability and compressive strength,a two-stage alternate 28%HCl and slickwater injection with a post-flush stage is recommended.

关键词： acid fracturing Tight carbonate acid loss Low compressive strength Single stage acid fracturing Multi-stage acid fracturing

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Experimental study on influencing factors of acid-fracturing effect for carbonate reservoirs

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Petroleum 2015年第2期1卷 146-153页

作者： Nianyin Li Jinxin Dai Pingli Liu Zhifeng Luo Liqiang Zhao Key State Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation in Southwest Petroleum University China

acid fracturing treatment is the key technique for stimulation and stable production in carbonate reservoirs.In order to improve the carbonate reservoirs acid fracturing effect,in this paper,with a large number of experiments as the main research methods,study on influencing factors of acidfracturing effect for carbonate reservoirs from increase the effective distance of living acid,increase acid corrosion eched fracture conductivity,reduce the acid fluid loss,etc.The effective distances of live acid calculated with reacted acid limitations measured in different acid systems are quite different from those calculated according to previous standard.Fracture conductivity is one of the key parameters that affects acid fracturing effects,but it's difficult to be predicted accurately due to the strong randomness of acid-rock reaction as well as various influence factors.Analyses of the impacts on fracture conductivity resulted from the rock embedment intensity,closure stress,acid dosage,rock-acid contact time,acid fluid loss,acid pumping rate through self-developed small-core fracture capacity test instrument.Fluid loss during acid fracture can be well controlled by thickened liquid as well as solid particles,but formation damage occurs inevitably.Foamed acid is a specific fluid with high viscosity,low fluid loss,small friction resistance,good retarding property,strong fracture making ability,easy flowback and low damage,which is an ideal acid system for low pressure and low permeability carbonate reservoirs.In this paper,the theoretical study on percolation mechanism and fluid-loss control mechanism of foam(acid)in porous medium are presented with the help of visual microscopic model fluid drive unit.

关键词： Carbonate rock acid fracturing Effective distance of live acid acid-etched fracture conductivity Leak off Reacted acid limit Experimental study

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Pressure transient analysis for a fractured well in a stress-sensitive tight multi-medium oil reservoir

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2021年第4期15卷 719-736页

作者： Wancai NIE Tingshan ZHANG Xiaopeng ZHENG Jun LIU School of Geosciences and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Yihuang Natural Gas Project Department PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi’an 710018China Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi’an 710018China

Tight multi-medium oil reservoirs are the main source of hydrocarbon resources around the world.acid fracturing is the most effective technology to improve productivity in such reservoirs.As carbonates are primarily composed of dolomite and calcite,which are easily dissolved by hydrochloric acid,high-permeability region will be formed near the well along with the main artificial fracture when acid fracturing is implemented in tight multi-medium oil reservoirs.In this study,a comprehensive composite linear flow model was developed to simulate the transient pressure behavior of an acid fracturing vertical well in a naturally fractured vuggy carbonate reservoir.By utilizing Pedrosa's substitution,perturbation,Laplace transformation and Stehfest numerical inversion technol-ogy,the pressure behavior results were obtained in real time domain.Furthermore,the result of this model was validated by comparing with those of previous literature.Additionally,the influences of some prevailing parameters on the type curves were analyzed.Moreover,the proposed model was applied to an acid fracturing well to evaluate the effectiveness of acid fracturing measures,to demonstrate the practicability of the proposed model.

关键词： tight multi-medium oil reservoir acid fracturing stress-sensitive permeability composite linear flow

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Wormholes propagation for fractured-vuggy formation:Laboratory tests,numerical simulation and field application

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Petroleum 2017年第4期3卷 438-446页

作者： Fei Liu Yu Sang Nanxing Xie Li Li Li Ran Weihua Chen Engineering Technology Research Institute Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyPetroChinaChengdu610017China Research and Development Center of the National Energy High Sulfur Gas Reservoir Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyPetroChinaChengdu610017China

The propagation of wormhole is vital important for matrix acidizing and acid fracturing in carbonate reservoirs.While the formation of acid dissolved wormhole is derived from heterogeneous physical and chemical transportations and reactions.Alveolate dissolved pores,krast caves,and natural fissures are the major reservoir spaces for the Sinian dolomite formation in the Anyue gas field of the Sichuan Basin.There were four categories of formation,which are matrix dominated,inter-breccia dissolved pore dominated,dissolved pore and cave dominated,and fissure and cave dominated,based on the development intensity and connectedness of caves and fissures.The caves and fissures make the wormhole formation and propagation particularly complicated.Firstly,the 3-D topological structure of dissolved pores,vugs,fissures and throats inside cores is quantitatively scanned by CT imaging technology for its feature of vivid and damage-free.Secondly,3-D patterns of wormhole are obtained with CT scanning after core flooding by acid.Additionally,the porethroat network model is reconstructed with digital cores technology.Then,the size and ratio of pore and throat before and after core flooding by acid is analyzed and the absolute permeability of pore scale flow is numerically simulated to understand the fundamental influence of pores and vugs distribution and connectedness on wormhole propagation.Lastly,the wormhole pattern gained by CT scanning and simulating with two-scale model is compared.Meanwhile,the corrected two-scale model is utilized to simulate the wormhole propagation for matrix acidizing and acid fracturing of Sinian fractured-vuggy dolomite in Anyue gas field,Sichuan Basin.The optimized injection rate and volume were in agreement with the characteristic matrix acidizing operating curve,which indicates that the two-scale model was suitable for matrix acidizing optimization design of such formations.In addition,the simulated acid etched fracture length with considering the dynamic wormhole leakoff was consistent with the we

关键词： CT scanning Digital core Dolomite Wormhole Fractured-vuggy reservoir Matrix acidizing acid fracturing

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Discussion on rheology in petroleum and nature gas teservoir stimulation

Discussion on rheology in petroleum and nature gas teservoir...

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The 9th National Conference on Rheology

作者：卢拥军梁冲胥云陈彦东 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development-Langfang

＜正＞Petroleum and nature gas not only are important resources,but also are important strategic materials of our country.All methods the enhancing the producing degree of petroleum and natural gas reservoir,increasing single well production and extending the stimulation period of validity are important stratagem for petroleum and natural gas exploitation.fracturing and acidizing are the main methods for stimulation as well as one of representative examples of rheology theory application in engineering.Based on analysis of low permeability reservoir characteristics,the fracturing and acidizing stimulation principles and main controlling factors were discussed.And the mechanical characteristics,chemical reaction and rheological behavior in the stimulation process were reviewed.Furthermore research trends afterwards including the material and fluid rheology in oil and natural gas production process, the deep rock fracture initiation and extension rheology,and the fracturing and acidizing application theology were also proposed in this paper.

关键词： fracturing fracturing fluids acid fracturing acid fluids low permeability petroleum rheology

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