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Review and Analysis: Did the United States transport, Off-Load and Use Commercial 2,4,5-t Herbicides with Unknown Amounts of Dioxin tCDD on Military Base Grounds in Panama Canal Zone between 1948 and 1999?

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第11期13卷 490-515页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

the 84 km Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has historically been a strategic waterway for shipping and the location of United States (US) military bases. Since the construction of Lake Gatun reservoir, canal locks and navigation channel through the Isthmus of Panama tropical forests in the 1910s, chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides have been essential for controlling upland and wetland vegetation as well as managing mosquito-borne diseases. Chemicals and pesticides flowed into Lake Gatun via land surface runoff and subsurface drainage either attached to the sediment or in solution during the rainy season. Lake Gatun and the Panama Canal was the drinking water source for most of the civilian and military population living in the Panama Canal Zone. Between 1948 and 1999, US military base commanders had the ability to order, from the Federal Supply Catalog, commercially available herbicide 2,4,5-t with unknown amounts of dioxin tCDD for use on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. the herbicide 2,4,5-t was transported to Panama Canal Zone ports, including the ports Cristobal on the Caribbean and Balboa on the Pacific, and distributed to the US military bases in Panama by rail or truck. the US National toxicology Program and the International Agency for the Research on Cancer listed dioxin and tCDD as known human carcinogens. Dioxins are endocrine disrupters and can cause certain chloracne, cancers, developmental and reproductive effects. In 1985, the United States government banned the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-t, with unknown amounts of dioxin tCDD, after it was shown to cause cancer in animals. the objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the fate of dioxin tCDD, a contaminant in the herbicide 2,4,5-t, sprayed on the US military base vegetation in the Panama Canal Zone from 1948 to 1999, 2) the transport of dioxin tCDD rich sediment via soil erosion and overland flow into Lake Gatun and Panama Canal waterways and 3

关键词： Dioxin tCDD Agent Orange 2 4 5-t Panama Canal Zone Commercial Herbicides US Department of Defense Fort Sherman Monsanto Ezra Kraus

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Long-term Environmental Impacts of Pesticide and Herbicide Use in Panama Canal Zone

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2021年第9期11卷 403-434页

作者： Kenneth R. Olson Donna tornoe Professor Emeritus of Soil Science in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA Director Veterans of Panama Canal Zone Military Veterans Advocacy Slidell USA

the opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 transformed ocean-shipping and the availability of internationally-traded goods, shortened travel time between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, increased ship tonnage, and sparked the growth of port authorities on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Panama Canal. Historically, the United States was number one and China was number two in tons of cargo that pass through the canal annually in the high stakes game of import and export markets. Prior to the construction of the Panama Canal, the most efficient way to cross the 82-kilometer isthmus, between the Port of Panama City on the Pacific and the Port of Colon on the Atlantic, was by mule trails through tropical forests and river transportation. Since the construction of the Panama Canal through tropical forests in the 1910s, pesticides have been essential for managing mosquitoes as well as controlling wetland vegetation that blocked lakes, rivers and the canal. the primary objective of this research study is to document the long-term environmental impacts of pesticide and herbicide use in the Panama Canal Zone. Many of these chemicals, including 2, 4,-D, 2, 4, 5-T and DDT, have a long half-life under water and some, like arsenic (As), have no half-life. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun via surface runoff either in solution or attached to the sediment during the rainy season. the by-product 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tCDD) is an unanticipated contaminant created during the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-t. tCDD can bio-accumulate in fish and birds and enter into the human food supply. the extent of the current chemical and pesticide contamination on former U.S. military base grounds and in Lake Gatun is unknown. Systematic soil sampling of current and former military bases, chemical disposal sites and Lake Gatun or the Panama Canal sediments is needed to determine if mitigation is necessary.

关键词： Arsenic Dams DDt Dioxin tCDD 2 4-D 2 4 5-t Howard Air Force Base Hyacinths Lake Gatun Locks Mosquitoes Pesticides termites

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LC/MS在农药残留量检测中的应用研究

LC/MS在农药残留量检测中的应用研究

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作者：左凤首都师范大学

学位级别：硕士

内分泌干扰物质对人类及其他生物造成的严重危害，已引起了极为广泛的关注。本文所涉及的6种除草剂都被认为是内分泌扰乱物质，从农药残留的角度看，农药残留量的检测方法主要有气相色谱法（GC）、高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、气相色谱／... 详细信息

内分泌干扰物质对人类及其他生物造成的严重危害，已引起了极为广泛的关注。本文所涉及的6种除草剂都被认为是内分泌扰乱物质，从农药残留的角度看，农药残留量的检测方法主要有气相色谱法（GC）、高效液相色谱法（HPLC）、气相色谱／质谱法（GC/MS）、超临界流体色谱（SFC）、免疫传感器分析法、酶联免疫吸附测定技术（ELISA）、化学发光检测法、毛细管电泳（CE）等。随着LC/MS技术的不断发展以及商品仪器的推出，LC/MS不仅在医药、生物大分子、化学工业等领域中发挥着越来越重要的作用，在有机小分子污染物方面的应用也是逐年上升，特别是一些以GC/MS不能进行分析的热不稳定有机小分子化合物，LC/MS成为最有前途的分析手段。LC/MS具有分析范围广、分离能力强、检测限低、分析时间快、自动化程度高等特点。本论文利用高效液相色谱/质谱联用技术对6种被认为是环境荷尔蒙的除草剂进行了在农产品中的残留量分析，包括三部分：（一）以高效液相色谱法同时分析测定了2，4-D和2，4，5-t。实验考察了各种实验参数对定量分析的影响，方法在以固相萃取处理实际样品豆芽后，用于加标回收率的测定，简便、快速、结果良好。（二）以LC/MS同时分析测定了2，4-D和2，4，5-t。实验优化了各种质谱条件，并且比较了不同的前处理对样品回收率的影响。（三）以LC/MS同时分析测定了西玛津、西草净、莠去津、嗪草酮。在实验条件下，液相色谱不能实现对四种除草剂的完全分离，但是在二级质谱上获得良好的分离效果，定量分析线性满意，对实际样品的分析结果良好。

关键词：高效液相色谱/质谱联用高效液相色谱内分泌干扰物质 2,4-D 2,4 5-t 西玛津西草净莠去津嗪草酮

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