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El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation during the 4.2 ka event recorded by growth rates of corals from the North South China Sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2020年第1期39卷 110-117页

作者： Shaohua Dang Kefu Yu Shichen Tao Tao Han Huiling Zhang Wei Jiang Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea Guangxi UniversityNanning 530004China Coral Reef Research Center of China Guangxi UniversityNanning 530004China School of Marine Sciences Guangxi UniversityNanning 530004China South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China College of Ocean Engineering Guangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiang 524088China

The 4.2 ka event that occurred during the period from 4 500–3 900 a BP was characterized by cold and dry climates and resulted in the collapse of civilizations around the world. The cause of this climatic event, however, has been under debate. We collected four corals(Porites lutea) from Yongxing Island, Xisha Islands, South China Sea, dated them with the U-series method, and measured the annual coral growth rates using X-ray technology. The dating results showed that the coral growth ages were from 4 500–3 900 a BP, which coincide well with the period of the4.2 ka event. We then reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) variations based on the coral growth rates. The growth rate-based SSTA results showed that the interdecadal SSTA from 4 500–3 900 a BP was lower than that during modern times(1961–2008 AD). A spectral analysis showed that the SSTA variations from4 500–3 900 a BP were under the influence of El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) activities. From 4 500–4 100 a BP, the climate exhibited La Nina-like conditions with weak ENSO intensity and relatively stable and lower SSTA amplitudes. From 4 100–3 900 a BP, the climate underwent a complicated period of ENSO variability and showed alternating El Nino-or La Nina-like conditions at interdecadal time scales and large SSTA amplitudes. We speculate that during the early and middle stages of the 4.2 ka event, the cold climate caused by weak ENSO activities largely weakened social productivity. Then, during the end stages of the 4.2 ka event, the repeated fluctuations in the ENSO intensity caused frequent extreme weather events, resulting in the collapse of civilizations worldwide. Thus, the new evidence obtained from our coral records suggests that the 4.2 ka event as well as the related collapse of civilizations were very likely driven by ENSO variability.

关键词： 4.2 ka event ENSO variability SSTA coral growth rate Xisha Islands

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Was the 4.2 ka event an Anthropogenic Disaster?

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Open Journal of Ecology 2016年第10期6卷 613-631页

作者： Tomasz Jarosław Szczęsny Faculty of Political Science and International Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Toruń Poland

The article describes a possible impact of demographic explosion during the Neolith on local ecosystems and on the global climate as well as the role of this explosion in aggravating the course of 4.2 ka cooling event. A possible role of human activity in changing the pattern of mid-latitudes westerlies, monsoons and Walker circulation throughout the Holocene is analyzed. It is explained why during the Holocene Climatic Optimum (HCO) monsoons could have been weaker than today, not stronger, as it is commonly stated. It is described how during the HCO the humid Tibetan Plateau could have repelled the Indian monsoon to the west and the East Asian monsoon to the north. The explanation for weaker El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during HCO is proposed.

关键词： Holocene Climatic Optimum Walker Circulation Monsoon Green Sahara Period 4.2 ka event

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